B6.3: Part 1 - Monitoring And Maintaining Health Flashcards
What is a disease?
A condition that is caused by any part of the body not functioning properly
What are the 2 types of diseases?
Communicable
Non communicable
What are communicable diseases?
Diseases caused by pathogens that can be transmitted from one organism to another
What are non communicable diseases?
Diseases that cannot be transmitted from one organism to another
What are pathogens?
Microorganisms that cause disease
Disease causing agents
What are the 4 types of pathogens?
Fungi
Protozoa
Virus
Bacteria
What is an example of an animal disease caused by the pathogen: fungi
Athlete’s foot
What is an example of an plant disease caused by the pathogen: fungi
Powdery mildew
What is an example of an animal disease caused by the pathogen: bacteria
Tuberculoisis
What is an example of an plant disease caused by the pathogen: bacteria
Crown gall disease
What is an example of an animal disease caused by the pathogen: virus
Influenza (flu)
What is an example of an plant disease caused by the pathogen: virus
Tobacco mosaic virus
What is an example of an animal disease caused by the pathogen: protozoa
Malaria
What is an example of an plant disease caused by the pathogen: protozoa
Coffee phloem disease
What are the causes of non-communicable diseases?
Poor diet
Obesity
Inheriting a genetic disorder
Alcohol
Body processes not operating correctly
What are examples of non communicable diseases?
Heart disease
Diabetes
Cancer
Mental health diseases
What are conditions where communicable and non-communicable ae linked?
HPV
HIV —> AIDS
How can pathogens enter the body?
Cuts in skin
Digestive system
Reproductive system - during sex
Respiratory system
How can pathogens spread in plants?
Insects
Direct contact of an infected plants sap with a healthy sap
Wind - infected seeds blown
What is the incubation period?
The period between an exposure to an infection and the appearance of the first symptoms
How do viruses replicate?
They can only reproduce by ‘taking over’ and using a host organism’s cells to make more viruses
What are host cells?
Cells which get invaded and are used for viral replication
What is the incidence of a disease?
The rate at which new cases occur in a population over a period of time
What might the typical study of non communicable diseases involve?
Look at number of cases per 10,000 people, per year, over a 10 year period
Outcomes provide scientists with evidence for the effectiveness of disease treatments or prevention techniques
How can you prevent communicable diseases? (7 ways)
Washing hands
Protection
Not touching infected people/objects
Cook food properly
Drink clean water
Not sharing needles
Covering mouth when coughing/sneezing
What happens in athelte’s foot?
Cracked, itchy, flaking skin
Treated using an anti fungal cream
How can you get athlete’s foot?
If your feet are in a damp and humid environment (these conditions favour the organism growth)
What is food poisoning?
An illness caused by eating food that has been contaminated with harmful bacteria
How do you get food poisoning?
Growth of microorganisms in food
—> caused by eating raw/undercooked food
What are symptoms of food poisoning?
Sickness
Diarrhoea
Stomach cramps
Fever
How can STIs be prevented?
Condoms
Check yourself regularly and have your partner checked
What are STDs?
Infectious diseases spread from person to person through sexual contact
What is HIV?
Invades white blood cells and reproduces inside cell.
This weakens the immune system
What is HIV caused by?
Virus
What are AIDS?
AIDS is the end stage of the HIV infection.
At this point, the virus has attacked and weakened a persons immune system.
The human can no longer fight infections
How are diseases identified?
By its DNA or antigens
What happens once a disease is identified among plants?
Burning infected plants
Spraying fungicides to prevent fungal disease
Chemical dips for footwear to kill pathogens
What happens once a disease is identified among animals?
Using drugs to treat animals
What are the symptoms of tobacco mosaic virus?
Mottled or discoloured leaves
What pathogen is tobacco mosaic virus caused by?
Virus
What is the treatment for TMV?
Planting resistant crops
Removing infected plants
How is TMV transmitted?
Direct contact
What are the symptoms of Crown Gall Disease?
Big, tumour-like galls
What pathogen is CGD caused by?
Bacteria
How is CGD treated?
Resistant crops
Remove infected plants
How is CGD transmitted?
Direct contact
Open wound
What are the symptoms of Powdery Mildew?
White powdery spots
What pathogen causes powdery mildew?
Fungi
What environment does it need to be for powdery mildew to occur?
High humidity
Moderate temps
What is the treatment for powdery mildew?
Burning infected plants
How is powdery mildew transmitted?
Spores - a cell that certain, fungi/plants produce
What are the 2 types of defences?
Chemical
Physical
What are the bodys physical defence against disease?
Skin
Mucus
Tears
Saliva
Earwax
Stomach acid
What are physical defences?
Defences that physically prevent the entry of pathogens
What are the physical defences in plants?
Waxy cuticles
Plant cells surrounded by cell walls
Dead layer of cells covering stem
What are chemical defences?
Substances secreted by plants that kill microorganisms
What are examples of chemical defences in plants?
Cyanide - apple seeds
Ricin - castor oil
How does a cuticle aid the plant in defence?
Prevent water loss
How does a cell walls aid the plant in defence?
Provides excellent barrier
What are the 3 steps to identifying a plant disease?
Observation: spots?
Microscopy
DNA analysis
How can plant diseases be identified in the labartory?
DNA analysis
Identification of antigens
How does DNA analysis aid with the identification of plant diseases?
Scientists compare an unknown plant pathogen’s genome to a known DNA profile. If a match is found, an accurate diagnosis can be made.
How does the identification of antigens aid with the identification of plant diseases?
Plant pathogens carry specific antigens on their surfaces. These can be identified through chemical analysis and so the pathogen can be identified
What is rose black spot?
A fungal disease where purple or black spots develop on leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early
What is a scab?
Dried blood clot
Why does a scab form?
To stop bacteria from entering the body
How does the body defend itself if microorganisms enter your body?
Phagocytes
Lymphocytes
How do phagocytes aid humans?
These cells ingest/engulf microorganisms
How do lymphocytes aid humans?
Make antitoxins or antibodies
What are antitoxins?
Antibodies against toxins
What are antibodies?
Substances created in the body to attack specific foreign substances called antigens
What are microorganisms?
Small, living organisms that can only be seen through a microscope
To prevent microorganisms entering…
The skin needs to seal a cut asap by forming a scab
This also stops you losing too much blood
What are non specific defence responses from the body? (5 options)
Skin (oil)
Acid in stomach
Cilia and mucus
Nasal hairs
Tears (enzymes)
How does the body gain immunity after getting a disease?
After a disease has been removed, white blood cells are able to make the antibodies more quickly if an infection occurs again.
The body now has immunity - the antibodies destroy the pathogens before they cause sickness
What do platelets do to defend the body?
Help the body form a scab so excessive blood doesn’t leave the body
What are monoclonal antibodies?
Produced from lots of clones of a single white blood cell
They’re all identical and will only target 1 specific antigen
How are monoclonal antibodies produced from mouses? Step 1
A mouse is injected with the chosen antigen and the mouses body makes its own antibodies
How are monoclonal antibodies produced from mouses? Step 2
Scientists fuse antibodies and antigen cells to produce hybridoma cells - these replicate rapidly
How are monoclonal antibodies produced from mouses? Step 3
Antibodies separated and then collected
How are monoclonal antibodies used to detect cancer?
Be recognising and finding specific proteins on cancer/antigen cells
How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests?
A hormone found in the urine of pregnant women.
Hormone binds to antibodies on the stick which turn the stick blue
If the women is not pregnant, the antibodies have nothing to bind to so will not change colour
How are monoclonal antibodies used to treat cancer?
When injected into a persons body, monoclonal antibodies will bind with these cancer cells and clump them together
Makes it easier to identify tumour
Lump of cells formed as a result of uncontrolled cell division, which can then be treated/removed
What are antimicrobial substances?
A substance used in chemical defences to kill microorganisms
What are vaccines?
Weakened pathogens that stimulate the body’s immune system, prepared to fight the virus
What is an antibiotic?
Kills bacteria NOT viruses
What is aseptic technique?
A procedure used by medical staff to prevent the spread of infection
What are antivirals?
Used to treat viral infections by stopping viruses from replicating
What are antiseptics?
Chemical agents that kill/inhibit growth of microorganisms when applied to surfaces
What is preclinical testing?
Testing in a lab on cells, tissues and live animals
What is clinical testing?
Testing on people
How are new drugs developed?
Synthesized by chemists
What is step 1 in how new drugs are developed?
Tested on human cells and tissues in the lab
What is step 2 in how new drugs are developed?
Tested on live animals
Checks drugs toxicity and dosage
Britain says it must be tested on 2 different live animals
What is step 3 in how new drugs are developed?
Tested on healthy human volunteers to make sure there are no harmful side effects
Start with low dosage and increase it
What is step 4 in how new drugs are developed?
Tested on people with ilness and optimum dosage that is found
Dosage that is most effective with fewest side effects is used
What happens after the drug is released?
After released, it’s still observed for any side effects
How long can it take for drugs to be released to the public
10-15 yrs
What is a double blind study?
Neither patients nor doctors know who is getting the placebo
What is the placebo effect?
When a persons health improves after taking a fake treatment/placebo
In what circumstances can’t you initially test on human cells/tissues?
If you want to test drugs that affect the WHOLE body systems (blood pressure)
