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Gcse Biology > B6.3 - Monitoring & Maintaining Health > Flashcards

B6.3 - Monitoring & Maintaining Health Flashcards

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1
Q

Disease

A

= a condition caused by any part of the body not functioning properly
Affects physical & mental health

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2
Q

Relationship between health and disease

A

Good health = no disease

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3
Q

Communicable disease

A
  • diseases spread between organisms
  • caused by pathogens (microorganisms cause disease when they enter the organism, parasites: lives on/in host organism and gets its food from or at the expense of its host)
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4
Q

Causes and examples of non-communicable diseases

A
  • poor diet (vitamin/mineral deficiencies)
  • obesity (arthritis, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, stroke)
  • inheriting a genetic disease (cystic fibrosis)
  • body processes not operating correctly (cells divide uncontrollably = cancer)
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5
Q

Types of pathogens that causes diseases

A
  • fungi
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • protists/protozoa
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6
Q

How are HPV & cervical cancer linked

A
  • HPV can cause cell chances that lead to cervical cancer
  • therefore girls vaccinated against HPV, reduced cervical cancer

(HPV = communicable, Cervical cancer = non-communicable)

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7
Q

How are HIV and AIDS linked

A
  • HIV invades white blood cells & reproduces inside them
  • weakens immune system (affected cells can’t produce antibiotics to defend against disease)
  • without antibodies, body becomes target of everyday infections & cell changes cause cancers (AIDS)
  • AIDS = final stage of HIV infection, body can’t fight life-threatening infections
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8
Q

How are HIV & tuberculosis linked

A
  • HIV causes AIDS, weakens persons immune system, easier for microorganisms (tuberculosis-causing bacteria) to cause disease
  • many ppl with HIV die from tuberculosis

(HIV = communicable, tuberculosis = non-communicable)

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9
Q

How can pathogens spread between animals

A

Through:

  • cuts in skin (injury, insect/animal bites)
  • digestive system (shared foods/drinks)
  • respiratory system (inhaling)
  • reproductive system (sexual intercourse)
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10
Q

How can pathogens spread between plants

A
  • through soil/water in which plants grow
  • vectors (insects)
  • direct contact of sap from infected plant with healthy plant (sap released by agricultural damage / animals feeding on plants)
  • wind (fungal spores / infected seeds blown between plants)
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11
Q

Incubation period

A

Time delay between harmful microorganisms entering body & feeling unwell

  • pathogens grow & reproduce rapidly, cause cell damage
  • some pathogens produce toxic waste products, cause range of symptoms (fever, rashes, sores)
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12
Q

Viral replication (how viruses replicate)

A

Can’t replicate themselves, take over & use host organisms cells to make more viruses

  • virus attacks cell
  • inserts its genes
  • tells nucleus to copy its genes
  • new viruses made
  • cell bursts, releasing new viruses & destroying cell
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13
Q

Incidence of a disease

A

Rate at which new cases occur in a population over a period of time

(used by scientists to monitor a disease outbreak)

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14
Q

How can you prevent the spread of a communicable disease

A
  • cover mouth/nose when you cough/sneeze
  • don’t touch infected people/objects
  • use protection during sexual intercourse
  • don’t share needles (used to inject drugs)
  • wash hands before eating
  • cook food properly (kills bacteria)
  • drink clean water (boil/sterilisation tablets)
  • protect from animal bites (insect-repellant spray)
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15
Q

Antigens

A

= proteins on the surface of a microorganism

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16
Q

How are diseases identified by farmers

A
  • changes to organisms appearance

- identifying pathogen by its DNA / antigens

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17
Q

How do farmers prevent the spread of communicable disease in plants/animals

A
  • diseases plant material burnt
  • animals treated using drugs, but some require whole herds to be slaughtered
  • livestock can’t be moved
  • chemical dips installed on forms to kill pathogens on footwear
  • spray plants with fungicides, prevent fungal disease
  • animals vaccinated against some pathogens
18
Q

Athletes foot

A
  • caused by group of parasitic fungi (dermatophytes)
  • feet have warm, humid environment = dermatophytes live & multiply
  • symptoms = cracked, flaking, itchy skin
  • treating with anti-fungal cream
  • highly contagious (easily transmitted)
19
Q

Food poisoning

A
  • caused by growth of microorganisms in food
  • most serious caused by bacteria & toxins produced
  • these bacteria survive refrigeration & freezer storage, thorough cooking kills them
  • symptoms = stomach pains, diarrhoea, vomiting, fever
  • some recover, some use a drip to replace fluids, some die
20
Q

3 main groups of bacteria causing food poisoning:

A
  • salmonella : found in raw meat, eggs, raw unwashed vegetables, unpasteurised milk
  • campylobacter: found in raw meat, unpasteurised milk, untreated water
  • E.coli: found in raw & undercooked meats, unpasteurised milk & dairy
21
Q

Types of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)

A
  • chlamydia
  • gonorrhoea
  • genital heroes
  • HIV
22
Q

Chlamydia

A
  • cause: bacteria
  • symptoms: pain when urinating, discharge from penis/vagina
  • treatment: antibiotics
23
Q

Gonorrhoea

A
  • cause: bacteria
  • symptoms: burning pain when urinating, vaginal discharge
  • treatment: antibiotics
24
Q

Genial herpes

A
  • cause: virus
  • symptoms: painful blisters/sores
  • treatment: no cure
25
Q

HIV

A
  • cause: virus
  • symptoms: weakened immune system, often results in AIDS
  • treatment: no cure, symptoms controlled with antiretroviral drugs
26
Q

Types of plant diseases

A
  • virus plant disease: tobacco mosaic virus
  • bacterial plant disease: crown gall disease
  • fungal plant disease: powdery mildew
27
Q

Tobacco mosaic virus

A
  • prevents chloroplast from forming = stunts growth of plant, attacks & makes leaves discoloured & mottled
  • lowers quantity & quality of crop produced, doesn’t kill plant
  • to prevent: remove infected plants, wash hands & equipment between planting, plant plants resistant to virus in previously infected soil to stop re-infection
28
Q

Crown gall disease

A
  • caused by genes in tumour-inducing plasmid in bacterium
  • bacteria enters plant through wound, plasmid integrates into host genome, causes production of greater amounts of growth chemicals than normal
  • leads to production of large tumour-like growth = galls
  • galls can encircle plant stem/trunk, cutting off flow of sap = stunt growth, death
  • to prevent spread: destroy & remove infected plants, don’t plant in same area for 2 years (till bacteria die out)
29
Q

Powdery mildew (fungal disease)

A
  • caused by different species of fungi
  • symptoms: white powdery spots (fungal growth) on leaves & stems, fungus reduces growth, makes leaves drop off early = reduces crop yield
  • viruses grows well in areas of high humidity & moderate temperature
  • releases spores, spread by wind to to infect new crop
  • controlled by spraying crop with fungicide
30
Q

Types of plant defences

A
  • physical defences: physical barriers, prevent microorganisms entering
  • chemical defences: substances secreted by plant, kill microorganisms
31
Q

Examples of chemical plant defences:

A
  • insect repellents: repel insect vectors that carry disease (pine resin, citronella)
  • insecticides: kill insects (pyrethrins)
  • antibacterial compounds: kill bacteria (phenols)
  • antifungal compounds: kill fungi (chitinases)
  • cyanide: plant chemicals break down to form cyanide compounds when plant cell attacked, toxic to most living things
32
Q

Why is a cuticle a physical plant defences

A
  • epidermal cells covered in waxy cuticle
  • prevents water loss from plant & direct contact between pathogens & epidermal cells (limits chance of infection)
  • relatively thin (on aquatic plants) or extremely thick (cactus)
  • hydrophobic (water repelling) nature prevents water from collecting on leaf surface = defence against fungal pathogens (require water on lead surface for spore germination)
33
Q

Why is a cell wall a physical plant defence?

A
  • defence against fungal & bacterial pathogens
  • primary cell wall = provides structural support, made of cellulose (gives strength & flexibility) fibres cross linked with other substances (pectin), forms gel (helps cement neighbouring cells together)
  • secondary cell wall = provides further structural barrier
  • also contains variety of chemical defences, activated rapidly when cells detect pathogens
34
Q

Diagnosis

A

Identifying a disease in a plant/animal

35
Q

2 key techniques to identify plant diseases in the field

A
  • observation

- microscopy

36
Q

2 key techniques to identify plant diseases in the laboratory

A
  • DNA analysis

- identification of antigens

39
Q

DNA analysis for plant diseases in the laboratory

A
  • every plant pathogen has unique genome, identified using DNA fingerprinting
  • profile = map of genome produced,
  • scientists compare unknown plant pathogens genome to known DNA profile
  • if match found, accurate diagnosis made
  • DNA profiles used to identify individual strains of microorganisms
40
Q

Identification of antigens (plant diseases in the laboratory)

A
  • plant pathogens carry specific antigens (proteins) on surface
  • pathogen identified through chemical analysis
  • scientists developed diagnostic kits, enable farmers to identify common crop pathogens
41
Q

Advantage of identifying plant diseases in the laboratory over the field

A
  • can identify plant pathogens before it causes significant damage to crop
  • in field, only identified once infection taken hold & symptoms apparent
42
Q

Visual symptoms (observation) of plant diseases

A
  • strawberry mottle disease: discolours leaves of strawberry plant
  • bacterial soft rot: rotting of plants leaves/fruit of cabbage
  • powdery mildew: white, powdery deposit on plant
43
Q

Microscopy to diagnose plant diseases

A
  • plant pathologists(scientists who specialise in plant diseases) use microscopy to identify pathogens
  • many plant pathogens identified using light microscopy
  • some require electron microscopes to provide accurate diagnosis

Gcse Biology (15 decks)

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