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Gcse Biology > B3.2 - The Endocrine System > Flashcards

B3.2 - The Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Hormones

A

= chemical messengers made in endocrine glands & secreted into blood

  • transported around blood in plasma of blood
  • cause response in specific cells found in target organs
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2
Q

What do hormones control:

A

Body processes that need constant adjustment (body temp) to keep conditions in body constant (homeostasis)

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3
Q

Name endocrine glands & hormones they produce

A
  • thyroid gland = thyroxine
  • adrenal gland = adrenaline
  • pancreas = insulin
  • ovaries = oestrogen & progesterone
  • testes = testosterone
  • hypothalamus & pituitary gland = hormones that regulate production of other hormones
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4
Q

How do hormones produce responses:

A

Hormones travel all over body in bloodstream
Only target organs respond
Diffuse out of blood & bind to specific receptors found in membrane/cytoplasm of target cells in target organ
Hormones stimulate target cells to produce response

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5
Q

Endocrine system

A

= all endocrine glands & hormones they produce

- controls & coordinates body processes with nervous system

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6
Q

Speed of communication for nerves & hormones

A

N: very fast
H: slower

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7
Q

Method of transport for nerves & hormones

A

N: electrical impulse along axon of neurone
H: in blood

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8
Q

Duration of response for nerves & hormones

A

N: short acting
H: longer acting

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9
Q

Area targeted for nerves & hormones

A

N: very precise area
H: larger area

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10
Q

Thyroxine function & production

A
  • regulates metabolic rate
  • controls amount of energy available to cells
  • thyroid gland converts iodine into thyroxine by combining it with tyrosine
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11
Q

Adrenaline function & production

A
  • immediately prepares body for intensive action, ‘fight or flight’ response
  • adrenal glands(near kidneys) secrete adrenaline in times of stress
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12
Q

Negative feedback

A

System used in homeostasis to return conditions to the desired level if a change is detected

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13
Q

Negative feedback stages:

A
  • conditions in body change from set point
  • change detected by a sensory receptor
  • corrective mechanisms activated by an effector
  • conditions returned to set point
  • corrective mechanisms switched off
    …
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14
Q

How are thyroxine levels controlled

A
  • when body requires more energy
  • hypothalamus causes pituitary gland to release TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
  • TSH stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroxine, increases metabolic rate, cells transfer additional energy
  • when cells have required amount of energy, hypothalamus inhibits productions of TSH
  • thyroid gland stops releasing thyroxine
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15
Q

How are adrenaline levels controlled

A

When you feel scared/threatened, brain signals adrenal glands to secrete adrenaline, causes body to:
- respire more quickly
- increase rate of breathing to cope with extra demand for oxygen
- increase heart rate
- divert blood away from areas eg.digestive system to muscles
When stress removed, stops

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16
Q

Parts of female reproductive system

A
  • ovary (where eggs mature)
  • uterus (where foetus develops)
  • cervix (entrance to uterus)
  • vagina (receives sperm during sexual intercourse)
  • Fallopian tube/oviduct (where egg fertilised before travelling along tube to uterus)
17
Q

Describe the steps of the menstrual cycle up to ovulation

A
  • uterus starts to thicken ready to receive fertilised egg
  • as egg starts to mature in one of ovaries
  • 14 days later, egg released from ovary = ovulation
18
Q

What happens if the egg is fertilised

A
  • may implant in uterus lining

- protected & receives nutrients & oxygen from mother (pregnancy)

19
Q

What happens if egg isn’t fertilised

A
  • uterus lining & egg removed from body (period/menstruation)
23
Q

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  • Secreted by pituitary gland
  • Travels to ovaries, causes egg to mature
  • stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen
24
Q

Oestrogen

A
  • made & secreted by ovaries
  • causes lining of uterus to build up
  • as levels rise, inhibits production of FSH = prevents more than 1 egg maturing & stimulates pituitary gland to release LH
25
Q

Luteinising hormone (LH)

A
  • when LH levels peak in middle of cycle, ovulation triggered
26
Q

Progesterone

A
  • maintains uterus lining
  • levels remain high throughout pregnancy
  • inhibits LH
27
Q

2 groups of contraception

A
  • Non-hormonal = barrier methods, prevent sperm contacting egg / physical device, release chemical compounds
  • hormonal = use hormones to disrupt normal female reproductive cycle
28
Q

List contraceptive techniques in each group

A

Non-hormonal

  • condom
  • diaphragm/cervical cap
  • intrauterine device (IUD, coil)

Hormonal:

  • oestrogen & progesterone pill
  • progesterone pill
  • intrauterine system (IUS, hormonal coil)
29
Q

Condom

A
  • prevents sperm entering vagina

- prevents spread of STIs

30
Q

Diaphragm/cervical cap

A
  • inserted into vagina to cover cervix, prevents sperm entering uterus
  • not effective unless used with spermicide
31
Q

Intrauterine device (IUD, coil)

A
  • inserted into uterus
  • releases copper, prevents sperm surviving in uterus/fallopian tube
  • prevents implantation of fertilised ovum
  • effective for 5-10 days
32
Q

Oestrogen & progesterone pill / progesterone pill / intrauterine system

A
  • prevents ovulation
  • thickens mucus from cervix, stops sperm reaching ovum
  • prevents implantation of fertilised egg into uterus wall
  • take daily for 21 days of menstrual cycle (O&P)
  • take same time every day (P)
  • remains effective for 3-5 yrs (I)
33
Q

Which type of contraception is more effective

A

Hormonal

34
Q

Causes of infertility

A
  • blocked Fallopian tubes
  • blocked sperm ducts
  • not enough sperm being produced in testes
  • lack of mature eggs produced in ovaries
  • failure of ovaries to release egg
35
Q

Issues and benefits surrounding IVF

A
  • not natural process
  • may result in multiple births, dangerous for mother/baby
  • very expensive, limited availability on NHS

+ allows parents to conceive who wouldn’t be able to
+ enables older parents to have children
+ allows young women to focus on career & have baby later in life

36
Q

Fertility treatment

A

Uses hormones to treat infertility

37
Q

FSH Artificial fertility drug

A
  • stimulates eggs to mature in ovaries

- triggers oestrogen production, increases likelihood of 1+ eggs being released

38
Q

In vitro fertilisation (IVF)

A
  1. Fertility drugs (FSH, LH) used to make lots of eggs in ovaries mature
  2. Eggs collected and placed in special solution in petri dish
  3. Sample of semen collected, sperm & eggs mixed in petri dish
  4. Eggs checked if they have been fertilised & early embryos are developing properly
  5. 1/2 embryos placed in womb of mother, baby will grow/develop successfully if lucky

Gcse Biology (15 decks)

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