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Gcse Biology > B3.1 - The Nervous System > Flashcards

B3.1 - The Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

3 main stages to a nervous response:

A
  • change in environment (stimulus)
  • groups of cells detect stimulus (sensory receptors)
  • response occurs from (effectors)
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2
Q

What are the different types of effectors and how to they respond?

A
  • muscles (contracting, causes movement)

- glands (releasing hormones)

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3
Q

Where are receptor cells found, what do they do?

A
  • in sense organs

- change stimulus into electrical impulse that will travel along neurones (nerve cells)

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4
Q

Central Nervous System:

What bones protect these delicate nervous tissue?

A
  • brain (skull)

- spinal cord (vertebral column/backbone)

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5
Q

Name the types of neurone:

A
  • sensory neurones
  • relay neurones
  • motor neurones
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6
Q

Sensory neurones:

A

Carry electrical impulses from receptor cells to CNS

- dendron transmits impulse to cell body

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7
Q

Relay neurones

A

Carry electrical impulses sensory neurones to motor neurones

  • direction of impulse: dendrites to axon
  • only found within CNS
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8
Q

Motor neurones

A

Carry electrical impulses from CNS to effectors

- axon transmits impulse away from cell body

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9
Q

Nerves:

A

Bundles of hundreds or thousands of neurones (nerve cells)

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10
Q

Flow diagram for nervous reaction steps:

A

Stimulus -> receptor cells -> sensory neurone -> spinal cord -> brain -> spinal cord -> motor neurone -> effector -> response

(0.7 seconds)

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11
Q

Why is the nervous system a coordinated response

A
  • the brain processes the info from sensory respecters and sends series of impulses to part of body, controlling what happens
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12
Q

Reflex action:

A

= automatic/involuntary reactions

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13
Q

How long do reflex actions take compared to nervous reaction, why?

A

Reflex action = 0.2s
Nervous reaction = 0.7s

As reflex action misses out brain

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14
Q

Reflex actions that take care of basic bodily functions:

A
  • breathing
  • heart rate
  • digestion
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15
Q

Reflex arc (flow diagram for reflex action)

A

Stimulus -> receptor cells -> sensory neurone -> spinal cord -> motor neurone -> effector -> response

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16
Q

Withdrawal reflex:

A

Body reacts before brain registers you are in danger

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17
Q

Parts of eye:

A
  • cornea
  • pupil
  • iris
  • lens
  • ciliary body
  • suspensory ligaments
  • optic nerve
  • retina
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18
Q

Cornea

A
  • transparent coating on front of eye

- protects eye, refracts light entering eye

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19
Q

Pupil

A
  • central hole in iris

- allow light to enter eye

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20
Q

Iris

A
  • coloured ring of muscle tissue

- alters pupil size by contracting or relaxing

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21
Q

Lens

A
  • transparent biconvex lens

- focuses light clearly onto retina

22
Q

Ciliary body

A
  • ring of muscle tissue

- alters shape of lens

23
Q

Suspensory ligaments

A
  • ligament tissue

- connects ciliary muscle to lens

24
Q

Optic nerve

A
  • nervous tissue

- carries nerve impulses to brain

25
Q

How are images formed

A
  • cornea refracts incoming light rays (provides focus)
  • light passes through pupil
  • further refracted by lens (creates sharp image on retina)
  • photoreceptors in retina produce nervous impulse when exposed to light
  • impulse travels down optic nerve to brain, interprets impulse as visual image
26
Q

What are photoreceptors

A

Light sensitive cells found in the retina (tissue at back of eye)

27
Q

How can you focus on nearby objects:

A
  • ciliary muscle contracts

- lens becomes more convex (fatter)

28
Q

How can you focus on distant objects:

A
  • ciliary muscle relaxes

- lens becomes less convex (thinner)

29
Q

Short sightedness:

A

= distant objects appear blurry
- lens too strong/eyeball too long

(Light rays meet in front of retina, image blurred)

30
Q

Long sightedness:

A

= cant focus on nearby objects
- lens too weak/eyeball too short

(Light rays meet after retina, image blurred)

31
Q

How to correct short sightedness:

A

Concave lens bends light rays outwards before they enter eye
Light rays now meet on retina, image focused

32
Q

How to correct longsightedness:

A

Convex lens bends light rays inwards before they enter eye

Light rays meet on retina, image focuses

33
Q

Types of photoreceptors:

A
  • rods: respond to light, allow you to see in low light levels
  • cones: respond to different colours
34
Q

Most common form of colour blindness:

A
  • red-green, cant distinguish between red & green light

- genetically inherited condition, affects males

35
Q

Main areas of brain:

A
  • cerebrum
  • cerebellum
  • medulla
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland

(Contains approx 86 billion neurones)

36
Q

Cerebrum:

A

= controls complex behaviour

learning, memory, personality, conscious thought

37
Q

Cerebellum

A

= controls posture, balance, involuntary movement

38
Q

Medulla

A

= controls automatic actions (heart rate, breathing rate)

39
Q

Hypothalamus

A

= regulates temperature & water balance

40
Q

Pituitary gland

A

= stores & releases hormones that regulate many body functions

41
Q

How did scientists work out function of different regions of brain?

A
  • Used evidence from stroke victims

- analysed damaged region & its effects

42
Q

How did scientists link areas of brain to region of body it controls

A
  • placed electrodes inside animal/human brains

- electrodes transmit electrical impulses, result in movement in different parts of animals body

43
Q

Computed Tomography (CT) scans:

A
  • use x-rays to create 3D image of inside of body
  • position of abnormalities linked to changes in patients behaviour

Can’t be used regularly as X-ray radiation increases risk of cancer

44
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans:

A
  • use powerful magnets to identify brain abnormalities
  • fMRI (functional) produces images in real time
  • scientist identify areas of brain with increased blood flow (active when carrying out specific activity)
45
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

= all neurones that connect CNS to rest of body (sensory & motor neurones)

46
Q

Damage to PNS/CNS could occur from:

A
  • injury
  • disease
  • genetic condition
  • ingesting a toxic substance
47
Q

Effects of damage to PNS

A
  • an inability to detect pain
  • numbness
  • loss of coordination
48
Q

Can the PNS regenerate?

A
  • minor nerve damage self-heals, symptoms gradually decrease

- sever nerve damage treated through surgery

49
Q

Effects of damage to CNS:

A
  • loss of control of body systems
  • partial/complete paralysis
  • memory loss & processing difficulties
50
Q

Can the CNS regenerate?

A

No

damage permanent unless corrected by surgery

51
Q

Why is damage to CNS often impossible to repair

A
  • spine cord: difficult to identify & repair damage to an individual nerve fibre without damaging others
  • brain: damage difficult to diagnose, MRI/CT scans may be used
52
Q

Treatments available for some brain conditions:

A
  • radiotherapy/chemotherapy: treats brain tumour
  • surgery: removes damaged brain tissue
  • deep brain stimulation: inserting electrode to stimulate brain function

Gcse Biology (15 decks)

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