B6.3 Flashcards
What is health vs disease?
A healthy organism is something that is free from disease and is FUNCTIONING just as it should be, physically and mentally.
A disease is a condition that causes any part of the body to not function properly
- heath can be imparied by disease
Communicable vs non communicable disease?
What are PATIGENS?
1) communicable: diseases that can be spread between organisms (contagious . These are caused by pathogens that infect the organism (infectious).
- Malaria = protist and tobacco mosaic = virus
2) pathogens are any type of microorganism that causes disease, cna be viruses bacteria protists or fungi
3) non communicable disease can not be spread between organisms . Longer lasting , slowly progress and linked to genetic or unhealthy lifestyles
How can communicable and non communicable interact to cause a diseasetogether?
HPV std
HIV AIDS
A communicable disease can cause a non communicable ., or vice Verfahren
1) HPV virus causes cervical cancer, by changing cells that lead to it. (Now girls are vaccinated against this )
Vic Verfall
2) HIV human immunodeficiency virus, causes aids and weakens immune system allowing other microorganisms tlike tuberculosis bacteria to infect and cause disease
Physical port gelato leads to poor mental health too…
What is the incubation period?
The time delay between invasion of pathogens and symptoms shown. (Because time is given for them to grow and only then you feel sick)
How do pathogens cause disease?
Bacteria
Virus
What makes you feel sick in each case?
1) produce TOXINS (harmful) that are damaging, and bacteria reproduce really rapidly . Collective release of these toxins makes us unwell
2) viruses don’t replicate the,selves, this can only be done by taking over a cell to make more viruses. It is not a CELL OF ITSELF . The collective bursting of cells is what make should feel sick
How do viruses replicate?
1) attacks a cell and inserts it’s own genes into nucleus
2) tells nucleus to copy its genes
3) so that new viruses are made
4) CELL BURSTS, RELEASING MORE VIRUSES, and now cell destroyed…
What about how protists and fungi cause disease (also pathogens)?
Prtisire, cause disease are often parasites and eukarothick
Fungi are also single celled, and have structure called hyphae. These hyphen cna penetrate skin and surface of plant causing disease. They also produce spores which spread to other plants too.
How are pathogens spread in animals?
4 ways
1) Through the skin
- from injury or though insect animal vector BITES or needle
- also like athletes foot contacting infected you become too
2) Through digestive system
- When contaminated food/ drink are consumed, raw food eg
3) Through respiratory system
- inhale pathogens through droplets in the air
4) Through reproductive system
- Exchange of bodily fluids or sexual intercourse can cause things like HIV
How are pathogens spread in plants
1) Water and soil grown in
- contaminated soil causes crown gall disease
2) vectors of insects
3) Contact of sap of an I fechtenden to healthy plant (sap released by damage or animals eating plants)
- contact of infected leaves can spread tobacco mosaic disease too
4) Wind
- fungals spores can be blown between plants and infected seeds can be blown across large distances causing spread of disease
What is the incidence of disease?
How does this help us monitor?
What about monitoring non communicable disease?
How do these studies help in what?
The rate at which new cases occur in a population over a period of time
This is useful as you can study per week like done in corona and see how it’s increasing or nit
2)Lang cancer rt disease probably should do it for much longer periods of time and involve many many people. These tend to involve 100000 people in 10 years and help scientists study EFFCTIVENSS OF THINGD LIKE DISEASS TREATMENTS ZOR PREVENTION…
How to prevent disease in animals? 5 ways Hygiene Sterilisation Protection Vaccination Vectors protection
What for more serious must you do ? (Corona hint)
- BASIC HYGIENE
- involves covering mouth and nose when sneezing
- Washing hands before making food and sneezing etc
- not TOUCHING infected individuals (like chicken pox)
- not sharing food and drink
- COOD FOOD PROPERLY , DRINK CLEAN WATER
2) PROTECTION for STDs
3) Sterilisation of OBJECTS
- includes not sharing needles
- sanitising things
- and medical equipment and even water
4) protect from VECTORS
- insecticides, sprays etc
5) VACCINATIONS AND ISOLATION
Preventing spread in plants
4)
How about animals and plants for farmers?
3
1) destruction of the infected plant- typically burnt
2) crop rotation - many pathogen specific to one plant so this decreases the chance of plants being i feared
3) chemicals- fungicides used
4) biological control, similar to vaccines, dip it into sample of bacteria and antibiotics produced, prevents things like crown gall disease
1) animals and plants can be slaughtered
2) animals quarantined, and treated with medicine
3) chemical dips installed on footwear that kill pathogens…
What is athelete’s foot? Caused by Symptoms What can it be treated by and What does it do
Caused by parasitic FUNGI Called dermatophyted
- cracked, flaky itchy skin
- treated by anti fu gal cream
- extremely contagious, contact and indirect contact will cause it.
What does food poisoning do and how is it formed?
- cause dby microorganisms in food
- survive refrigeration and feeezer, killed in cooking
- symptoms include stomach ache, diarrhoea, v9miting and fever
- doctors may have to use a drip to replace fluids, and can be fatal
What are 3 types of food positioning and where found?
C
S
E
All in unpasteurised milk btw
Campylobacter- raw meat, directly water, unpasteurised milk
Salmonella- raw eggs, unpasteurised milk and unclean veg
E. coli- raw meat, unpasteurised milk and dairy products
(Only some E. coli kills)
What types of STDS are their sand why dangerous?
Symptoms , type of infection and treatment?
About hiv , what treatment special?
Makes dangerous is symptoms don’t show first so spread more likely
1) chmydia and gonorrhoea BACTERIAL
- pain when urinating and discharge, treated with ANTIBIOTICS
2) genital herpes, virus
- blisters no cure
3) HIV , Virus
- weak immune system, = AIDS, no cure
(However controlled with antiretroviral drugs lifetime )
What is the difference between HIV and AIDS
- HIV , human immunodeficiency virus, caused by exchange of bodily fluids .
- invades immune cells, and makes them not be able to produce antibodies as takes over these cells
- as a result body susceptible to any other infection that can cause cancer or something body would normally fight off
- this late stage, final stage where body csn’t LOFE THRETANING THINGS ANYMORE is called AIDS, acquired immunodefei syndrome)…
Viral plant disease tobacco mosaic virus?
Symptoms, how, what it causes
How to remove it?
- attacks leaves, making them discoloured/mottled
- does this by (through insect )preventing chloroplasts from forming, thus stunting photosynthesis and growth
- doesn’t kill, rather lowers QUALITY+QUANTITY
2) sterilise Hand equipment, remove infected plants, plant resistant plants in this place besser year…
Bacterial plant disease AGROBACTERIUM TUMAFACIENS.
What does it causes (CG)
How does it happen and what are the symptoms(Groeth chemicals)
How to treat it (remove)
The actual bacteria has a large plasmid that is TUMOUR inducing, containing Genes that cause CROWN GALL DISEASE
1) enters through wound.
2) plasmid integrates into host genome, causing production of greater growth chemicals than normal
- this leads to large rumours called falls
3) as it gets bigger it can encircle the plant stem trunk, cutting flow of sap
- this causes stunted growth and death
Prevent= infected removed destroyed, and other plants AVOIDED GROWING THERE for two years until bacteria die out of lack of a host organism
Fungal plant disease powdery mildew ?
What are symptoms and how it affects the yield?
How does it spread and how can we prevent
- infected plants display white powdery spots of fungal growth on leaves and stems
- ## this reduces growth and causes leaves DROP OFF early. Reduces yield by 10-15%!!
Grows in humid . Survives seasons by living in plant residues. It spreads by releasing spores which spread by wind to infect new crop.
Can be controlled by fungicide
Summary of plant diseases
Powder milder= fungus= where infected plants display white powder spots of fungal spores= reduces growth causes leaves to fall off= 10-15% reduction yield= can be treated by fungicide (grows in high humidity)
2) agrobacterium tumafaciens= bacteria= integrates its plasmid I ti host genome= causing mass of chemical growth hormone inducing a tumour like gall= crown gall disease= this encircles stem stopping sap from reaching plant and = stunt growth and eventual death = frayed by destroying infected , botmolanting for two years so bacteria die out from his Roland / gum resistant
3) tobacco mosaic vorüber= attacks leaves making them discoloured= by invading chloroplasts and orebnts from growing= less ohoroeurhnise= stunt growth= quality and auantity down= to treat him resistant crops and remkbe, also use good hygiene
What are plant defended for physical
What are needed for fungal spores?
1) here epidermal cells are covered in a way cuticle. This prevents water loss, but also prevents pathogens from directly infecting into the epidermal cells
The HYDROOPHOBIC (water repelling) nature of cuticle prevents water building up, which is vital against fungus infections as most require standing water in the lead for spore germination (remember thrive in humid). Here water can be then taken by roots too . Can be thick or thin depending on climate…
Essentially hydrophobic , prevents from infecting epidermal snd prevents water loss (inside)
2) cell walls is big barrier , primary and secondary with cukleulose , and this prevents entry INSIDE plant cells.
- also have variety if chemical defences to be secreted …
What are the chemical defences for plants
W
What do we do with the chemicals plants use
4- 5
1( insect repellent (to repel insectvectord carrying disease)
- pine give resin, and citronella from lemongrass.
2) actaull insecticides that kill them such as chrysanthemums kill insects,
3) CYNAIDE which kills everything
4 ) antibacterial compounds to also kill bacteria (witch HAZEL AND mint) but also defensive phenols
5) antifungal compounds to kill fungi like CAFFEINE and chitinasss
Humans extract these and use them in medicines
Also thrones and hairs , leave that eat
How to diagnose plant diesesse
What is an advantage of lab tests over visual
4 methods, 2 strands
2) observation
- such as crown gall tumour, mottled leaves for tobacco or star dry disease, powdery mildew white
2) m irosocopy, some symptoms are so similar (Polina and alfalfa mosciac )that microscopy is needed to identify the pathogen (by looking at shape). Most light but electron may be needed
3) DNA analysis through lab can produce a dna Fingerprint if bands. Then an h known pathogen band can match with a known and see for accurate diagnosis
4) finally kite, which test for specific antigens on the pathogen
(By using monoclonal antibodies that cause a colour change when bonded )
They can be identified without waiting for symptoms to get worse
