B3.3 Flashcards
How is blood sugar levels controlled
Mention the organs and things involved
1) If blood
levels are too high, say after a meal, then the PANCREAS receptor cells detect this and releases and secretes insulin. This goes to In the blood to the LIVER (target cells bind) where it stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen , a store of glucose. Glycogen stored IN the LIVER . When this happens, glucose levels are dropped in the blood, and go back to constant.
2) However say after vigorous exercise and blood glucose concentration is too low, then the pancreas secretes another hormone into the blood called glucagon. This goes to the LIVER, and stimulates the breakdown of glycogen back into glucose, which is the released into the blood. Now the blood glucose levels go high again, making it constant
= homeostasis
Type 1 vs type 2 diabetes
People with type 1 pancreas produces no insulin or little insulin
Type 2 the Person’s body cells cannot respond to Insulin properly, - becomes resistant even though the pancreas still produces insulin .
1) type 1 can be treated with insulin therapy, so injecting insulin based on diet and lifestyle before meals. This is the HEREDITARY genetic condition where the person own IMMUNE SYSTEM has destroyed pancreatic cells that produce insulin. As a result of genetic, happens early in childhood. Advised to have healthy diet and exercise regularly
2) type 2 is where it happens later in life, and is linked to diet and OBESITY. The advice is the reduce amount of simple carbodhyrates taken and exercise regularly . However in some cases insulin therapy can be given….
Diabetes summary
Type 1= genetic, ewr,Idee in life, insulin therapy given, when immune system killed pancreatic cells. Exercise diet recommended too.
2) insulin produced but cells din’t respond to it properly, linked to obesity and happens later in life. Controlled by exercise and reduction of sugars, and excerise. Insulin therapy can be given
Insulin taken before the meals.
Why is it important to control glucose cone, what are the dangers?
If blood glucose is high and maintained for a long time, the. DAMAGE TO NERVES AND BLOOD VESSELS HAPPEN
if not enough, then cells don’t have enough to respire, and so you can’t do things
Why is it important to maintain water balance.
Osmosis remember, too much water, water enters, causing lysis and cells bursting
Too little, water moves out, so cremation takes place .
Therefor must be maintained so cells are minor
What is role of kidneys and what is urine
Kidneys balance water cone t in body as well as other INS AND STUFF. They do this with nephrons
Urine is urea and water and other waste substances. Urea is breakdown of excess amino acids in liver. Urine stored in bladder, until removed,
Hot days, urine dark yellow
Cold days, urine light yellow as diluted
Describe the structure of a kidney in detail (and nephron)
1) So like cerebral cortex is outside of brain, the CORTEX is on outside of kidney, and MEDULLA inside
2) the outer membrane of the kidney called CAPSULE. This just protects the kidney
3) renal artery brings oxygenated blood, renal vein opposit.
4) finally ureter is where waste goes to get excreted
5) the nephrons are millions inside the kidney. The top of the nephrons (glomerulus) is in the cortex and bottom like loop of henle is the medulla .
Nephron = glomerululs bowman capsule at top,then tube goes down to loop of henle and finally back up to collecting ducts
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Now explain what happens in nephrons, detail and structure of nephron
1) blood enters from renal artery into kidney, making it’s way to the glomerulus (top of nephrons) which is a knot of a lot of capillaries .
2) because it Exit is narrow, blood enters at HIGH PRESSURES. This forces out all the small molecules such as glucose, amino acids, water, urine, ions as salts and UREA put into the BOWMAN’S CAPSULE. However large molecules such as PROTEINS / BLOOD CELLS can not fit, so they stay in the blood. THIS IS CALLED ULTRAFILTRATION!!!
3) Next the substance moves through the tuble. Here SELECTIVE REABSORBTION HAPPENS, and this is where all the glucose and amino acids are absorbed, and some of the water and salts too. This happens by diffusion and active transport (water and salts active)
4) then it goes to loop of henlé and the collecting ducts. Based on the amount of anti diuretic hormone the walls of these structures become permeable, and so water and salts are reabsorbed based on that. They go to renal vein …
5) finally, waste products are collected in the collecting ducts including urea water and salt. This then goes to bladder and exits as URINE
Quick summary on urine production
1) high pressure causes ultrafiltration to happen- urea, glucose, salts water ,amino go to bowman capsule
2) selective reabsorption happens in the tubule, so all the glucose amino absorbed and some water and salts suffienct
3) then more absorption happens in the loop of henle and collecting ducts based on ADH. Water salts absorbed accordingly
4) urine collected in bladder and excretion happens .
Negative feedback ADH bruh osmoregularorybsystem
1) when blood pass through brain hypothalums detects the water potential of blooe. If it’s too low, then
- pituitary gland secretes ADH in to the blood, makes it’s way and binds to target cells in the kidney, which makes the walls of the loop of henlé and the collecting ducts more permeable. This means more water and salts are reabsorbed into the blood, increasing water levels and returning them back to normal keeping you hydrated
2) if hypothalamus detects blood water levels too high, it makes the pituitary gland secrete less ADH, making the walls more permeable and so less water is reabsorbed, more left as waste products in excretion…
How does the body respond to lack of water?
What happens if you din’t take more fluids - what are effects
Thirst response - impulse to brain that makes you take more fluid.
If you don’t you become dehydrated. This involves
-passing of dark urine
- dizziness headache s
- lack of energy
If they remain dehydrated, you can die, and kidneys liver damaged
What happens if you take water too quickly too fast for the kidney to produce more urine?
Lysis- water moves into cells causing to burst
Sometimes water can move to Brian leading to death of a naturalist bruh
Sports deink 3 types and how can they rehyrdrwte / help you?
They made out of electrolytes, glucose and salts and water.
- hypertonic is when there is more concentration of glucose and salts (can be useful if you didn’t have any of this)
- isotonic is similar concentrations of ion in blood (can be useful for mix of both glucose and water needed)
- hypotonic: when there is low concentration of glucose and salts. This is good as it rehydrates you (low conc=high water potential)
