B1.3 Flashcards
Different types of food uses:
- carbohydratess: energy to move and carry out bodily fu cations I guess
-proteins: growth and repair of body tissues
Vitamins minerals to remain healthy - LIPIDS; for energy, but can be for insulation and buoyancy like seal.
What is metabolic rate
The speed at which your body transfers energy from chemical stores in Food,
the higher the metabolic rate the more food you need to eat.
Carbohydrates and starch + where
What are they too
Broken down by CARBOHYDRASE,
- it is a polymer that forms sugar molecules : vary from glucose, fructose lactose etc. Done in SMALL INTESTINE
2) starch broken down by amylase to form glucose. Done in MOUTH. (Remember bread turns sweet if left in mouth.
Proteins + where!
- Proteins are used for growth and repair
- break down by PROTEASE to form amino acids.
- Happen in STOMACH
Lipids + what are they used for
- Lipids (which are Fats and Oils) are broken down by LIPASE enzymes to form 3 FATTY acids and a GYCEROL.
- This means lipids are not polymers as they don’t come from single repeating units.
- when broken down a solution will become ACIDIC due to fatty acids.
Broken in small intestine - They are used for ENERGY, but some animals use them for insulation and buoyancy
Where are enzymes found
All three are produced in the pancreas and small intestine…
CARBOHYDRASE (Amalayse produced in salivary glands in mouth
PROTEASE in the stomach too
Lipids carbohydrates and protein all get BROKEN down in the small intestine, protein as well in the stomach, and carbs in the mouth too (starch).
Test for sugars
BENEDICTS REAGENT:
- Reducing : add it to the sugars and heat it up to 75° in a water bath. The solution starts blue, but then should form a different coloured precipitate. (Green, then yellow then orange then red depending on the concentrations of the sugar available).
- Non- Reducing : add dilute HCL acid in and heat again to 75 in water bath. Then add SODIUM HYDROGEN carbonate to neutralise. Finally do the experiment like normal.
- reducing = sugars help by a few units so glucose or maltose
- non reducing sugars: sucrose
Starch
If starch is present the sample changes from orange brown to blue Hal Ketchum. If no starch it remains orange brown
Protein
Danger?
BIURET TEST: 1) add a few drops of sodium hydroxide to make it alkaline solution
2) then add some copper(II) Sulfate which is BRIGHT BLUE.
- if there is protein, the solution will become purple.
If there is no protein it will stay blue.
CAREFUL= copper sulfste harmful and sodium hydroxide at certain conc is IRRITANT
Lipids
EMULSION TEST:
1) shake the substance with ethanol for a minute until it dissolves,
2) pour the solution into water
- if lipids are present then a milky emulsion should be apparent. The more lipids, the more milky the colour is…
Be careful, ethanol highly flammable and harmful!!!
(Remember emulsion is when liquids don’t dissolve into each other).
What is respiration?
Why is energy stored as atp?
Reparation is the process of transferring energy from the breakdown of glucose. This is tired in molecules called ATP. (Other molecules proteins or lipids can be used as substrate too…). Energy is stored in ATP so it can be transferred around body.
Glucose + oxygen= carbon dioxide + water + (ATP)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O
Exothermic reaction.
Aerobic
What is ATP used for?
WHAT PRICESS NEEDS IT!
- Synthesis large molecules from small ones (grow)
- For movement, ATP is used in Lang’s to contract and relax muscles
- To stay warm- respiration is exothermic reaction, when organism cold, increase rate of respiration - transfer more energy to keep body warm
- to be used as protein pumps in active transport
Aerobic vs anaerobic ?
Aerobic respiration- transfers 32 (or 38)molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose. COMPLETE breakdown of glucose with oxygen
A aerobic - transfers 2 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule, but oxygen not needed .
Where does respiration occur in animals?
Mitochondria in both plants and animals, however where more ATP is needed (such as muscles and the liver) there is more mitochondria then say the pancreas. This chemical reaction is controlled by an ENZYME.
Also a lot of mitochondria in sperm cells so they can move in flagella.
Why anaerobic respiration and what is it? What are effects of lactic acid?
Incomplete breakdown of glucose without oxygen to form lactic acid and (ATP).
During intense exercise, you heart increased its rate and your breathing rate increase to supply cells with enough glucose and oxygen to cope. However, in strenuous exercise your heart cannot increase enough to meet the demand. Therefore anaerobic respiration is used. Energy is given for now.
Build up of Lactic acid in muscles causes fatigue and is toxic, therefore the body must lose it. It does this by taking in excess oxygen to oxidise the lactic acid to form carbon dioxide and water. This is called oxygen debt, and is why you keep breathing even after you stop exercising.
Therefore body prefers aerobic as it transfers more energy and now lactic acid made which leads to fatigue.
