B6.3 (1)

Question 1

what are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 1

identical antibodies that have been produced from the same hybridomas cell (fused white blood cell + cancer cell) -

NOT THE CELL ITSELF

Question 2

how are monoclonal antibodies produced?

Answer 2

• genetically modifies mice are injected with the required antigen
• mice produce immune response (antibodies to specific antigen)
• antibody-producing b-cells/ lymphocytes are collected
• then fused with cancerous cells
• hybridoma cell reproduces rapidly + formed clones
• clones produce required antibody (proteins are called monoclonal antibodies)

Question 3

monoclonal antibodies:

• they are highly s……
• they bind to a…….. of t……. c…….

Answer 3

• all highly specific (designed to target only one type of cell)
• bind to antigens of target cell

Question 4

state 3 ways monoclonal antibodies can be used

Answer 4

• detecting antigens in pregnancy testing
• detection of diseases (like prostate cancer)
• treating diseases (targeting cancer cells)

Question 5

define disease

Answer 5

a condition caused by any part of the body not functioning properly

Question 6

what is the relationship between good health and disease?

Answer 6

good health is being free of disease

Question 7

define a pathogen

Answer 7

a disease-causing microorganism

Question 8

state the difference between communicable and non-communicable diseases (and give an example of each one)

Answer 8

communicable - can be spread (ie. chickenpox)

non-communicable - cannot be spread (cancer, asthma, scurvy, strokes)
-> either developed by themselves or are inherited

Question 9

what are communicable diseases transmitted by?

Answer 9

pathogens

Question 10

describe the interaction between HIV and tuberculosis

Answer 10

• HIV lowers the immune system
• so is easier for pathogens to cause disease
• therefore, patients often develop TB as they are more susceptible to infectious diseases

Question 11

describe the interaction between HPV and cervical cancer

state what HPV is

Answer 11

HPV is a sexually transmitted disease

• HPV virus in cells can trigger cancer/cell changes in the cervix

Question 12

how are communicable diseases spread between animals? (4)

Answer 12

• cut in the skin (insect bites)
• contaminated water/food
• respiratory system (droplets)
• skin on skin contact
• exchange of bodily fluids

Question 13

how are communicable diseases spread between plants? (4)

Answer 13

• vectors (insects and humans)
• contaminated soil
• sap of infected to healthy plant (contact between plants)
• wind (fugal spores)

Question 14

how does viral replication work? (5)

Answer 14

1) virus attacks cell
2) virus inserts genes
3) virus tells nucleus to copy genes
4) new virus made
5) cell bursts, new virus realised + cell is destroyed

Question 15

what causes symptoms such as rashes, fevers and sores once a pathogen enters?

Answer 15

toxins produced by pathogens when reproducing

Question 16

how do viruses cause disease?

Answer 16

1) attacks cell + inserts genes
2) uses cell to replicate its genes/DNA
3) new viruses are made
4) cell bursts + new virus is released

Question 17

what is AIDS?

Answer 17

a name for a group of diseases which cause a lowered immunity within the body

Question 18

how do scientists monitor a disease outbreak?

Answer 18

study the ‘incidence’ of a disease

- rate in which new cases occur in a population over a period of time

Question 19

how can the spread of communicable diseases be prevented in humans? (8)

Answer 19

• cover mouth when coughing/sneezing
• do not touch infected ppl
• use condoms in sex (prevent STIs)
• do not share needles
• wash hands before eating
• cook food properly
• drink clean water
• protect from animal bites (insect repellant)

Question 20

what is an incubation period?

and what happens during it

Answer 20

time delay between harmful organisms entering body and you feeling unwell

• pathogens reproduce rapidly during it

Question 21

why should you use insect repellant to protect from communicable diseases?

Answer 21

prevent diseases from insects acting as vectors

Question 22

how can the spread of communicable diseases be prevented in plants? (4)

Answer 22

• burn diseased plant material
• chemical dips on farms
• spray plants with fungicides (prevent fungal infections)
• do not plant other plants in infected soil

Question 23

what is the use of chemical dips in farms?

Answer 23

kills pathogens on footwear (prevent transfer from one plant to another)

Question 24

how to prevent the spread of communicable diseases in animals - farm? (4)

Answer 24

• treat animals with drugs (antibiotics)
• vaccinate them
• slaughter whole herd (if communicable)
• don’t move livestock

Question 25

why must a whole herd be slaughtered to prevent the spread of a communicable disease?

Answer 25

as they live very close together and farmers cannot risk others becoming infected

Question 26

how are diseases detected?

Answer 26

• DNA analysed
• monoclonal antibodies act as markers and bind to antigen
• visually (naked eye)
• microscopy

Question 27

describe one common viral infection for the following:

a) animal
b) plants

Answer 27

a) HIV - invades white blood cells + reproduces inside cells

b) Tobacco Mosaic Virus
- hijacks plant cell + prevent chloroplasts from forming
- forms ‘mosaic’ pattern on leaves
- lowes quality + quantity of crop produced

Question 28

describe one common bacterial infection for the following:

a) animal
b) plants

Answer 28

a) Tuberculosis
- inhaled
- specialised immune cells form nodules around TB and trap them
- when immune system becomes weaker (e.g: AIDS) TB break out of nodules and target lungs + spread around body (dormant TB -> active)

b) Crown Gall Disease
- enters through wound
- causes increase in growth hormones produced
- results in tumours (galls) at stem/roots

Question 29

what is food poisoning?

Answer 29

• growth of bacteria in food

and the toxins they produce

Question 30

what is the problem with tumors on plants?

Answer 30

cut off flow of sap + causes stunted growth/death

Question 31

describe one common fungal disease for the following

a) animal
b) plants

Answer 31

a) athlete’s foot
- causes cracked/itchy skin and a rash
- contagious

b) barley powdery mildew
- fungus spores in wind
- stops chlorophyll production
- white powdery spots on leaves/stems
- reduces crop yield

Question 32

how are fungus infections stopped in plants?

Answer 32

fungicides

Question 33

cure of TMV?

Answer 33

• no cure
• remove infected plants
• equipment washed between planting
• plant plants which are resistant to TMV in soil

Question 34

how does HIV relate to AIDS?

Answer 34

AIDS is final stage of HIV

HIV weakens immune system

Question 35

why is HIV so dangerous?

Answer 35

• invades white blood cells
• so they cannot defend against any pathogen
• human may die of simple diseases

Question 36

give an example of a sexually transmitted disease (gonorrhoea)
(describe 3 facts)
- and how it is cured

Answer 36

Gonorrhea

• bacterial infection
• burning pain when peeing
• vaginal discharge

ANTIBIOTICS