B6.1

Question 1

define a sample

Answer 1

observations or measurements from a small area which can be sized up represent a larger area

Question 2

why is a sample so useful?

Answer 2

as it would be almost impossible to count all organisms or plants individually across a whole area

Question 3

describe 5 ways to capture insects, and why we need to use this specific kind of technique (special word)

Answer 3

• pooters
• sweep net
• kick sampling
• tree bating
• pit fall traps
• we have to use capture recapture techniques as they move around so we cant easily count them

Question 4

what is the use of a scaling-up method?

and why would you do so

Answer 4

you can make an estimate of a larger area by looking at a smaller sample and its distribution

• it would take too long to count all organisms/plants individually

Question 5

purpose of random sampling over non-random sampling?

Answer 5

to ensure no bias is present in the results

Question 6

what is a quadrat?

Answer 6

a square divided into grids where the organisms are then counted

Question 7

what would you use to measure biodiversity over an increasing distance from something?

- and how would you carry it out

Answer 7

a transect

- place a piece of tape down, and have quadrats at equal intervals across the area

Question 8

what kind of organisms are the following sample techniques used to trap?
(and brief description how)

a) pooters
b) sweep nets
c) kick sampling
d) tree beating
e) pit fall traps

Answer 8

a) small insects
- suck on a mouthpiece, the insect drops into the test tube

b) larger insects (some can fly)
- large net catches insects

c) insects/small vertebrae in water
- disturbs vegetation in sea bed + collects it with a net/mesh bag

d) inverebraes that live in trees
- hit/shake branches of tree and see what insects fall off the tree + onto white sheet

e) crawling invertebraes
- they drop into hole + cannot run away

Question 9

what is an invertebrae?

and give an example

Answer 9

any organism that has no back bone (ie. insects)

Question 10

what is an identification key used for? (and a brief explanation of how it works)

Answer 10

to identify living organisms

- by asking a series of questions about an organism’s characteristics

Question 11

two types of idenitification keys

Answer 11

• branch key (like a huffman diagram i guess)

- numbered key (like a grid thing) - check notes

Question 12

how do you estimate the total population of an area (using a quadrat)?

Answer 12

mean population (per meters squared) x total area

Question 13

how do you estimate the population size using a capture-recapture technique?

Answer 13

first sample size x second sample size / number of recaptured marked individuals

Question 14

when would non-random sampling be used?

Answer 14

when working out how organism distribution varies over distance

Question 15

describe 4 positive human interactions within an ecosystem

Answer 15

• conservation
• captive breeding
• seed banks
• reducing rate of deforestation

Question 16

how does conservation imapct biodiversity?

Answer 16

• protects a natural environment to ensure habitats/animals are not lost
• increases their chance of survival

Question 17

what is captive breeding? (give an example)

Answer 17

breeding animals in human-controlled environments (ie. zoo/ aquarium)

Question 18

what do scientists use captive breeding for?

Answer 18

• create a stable + healthy population of a species

- reintroduce species to natural habitat

Question 19

positives and negatives of captive breeding?

Answer 19

pos - no predators, veterinary care given, food given = species has a greater chance of survival

neg - hard to maintain genetic biodiversity (same animals which reproduce)
- organisms born in captivity may not survive in the wild

Question 20

seed banks

• what are they an example of
• what is the purpose?
• how are they stored?

Answer 20

• example of a gene bank
• purpose is to backup against the extinction of plant species
• seeds are cleaned, dried, stored in airtight jars

Question 21

how does agriculture affect the ecosystem and biodiversity?

Answer 21

• pesticides (remove food source for other organisms)
• pesticides accumulate in food chain
• remove hedgerows for more space (loss of habitat for those animals)

Question 22

why is biodiversity important?

Answer 22

since species are interdependant within an ecosystem, and so removal of one could affect many different species

Question 23

benefits of maintaining local and global biodiversity? (3-4)

Answer 23

• more species survive (allows ecosystems to thrive + not die)
• some animals may migrate (so all countries must have agreements)
• ecotourism (bring money to support conservation + educates people)
• medicines uncovered (to treat diseases)

Question 24

challenges of maintaining local and global biodiversity?

Answer 24

• difficulty in gaining agreements
• conservation costs money
• hard to change laws/legislations

Question 25

negatives of ecotourism?

Answer 25

tourist movement may cause erosion to the floor or habitat changes

Question 26

difference between ecotourism and normal tourism?

Answer 26

ecotourism aims to ensure tourism does not have a negative effect on the environment

SUPPORTS CONSERVATION

Question 27

define an indicator species

Answer 27

organisms that can be used to measure environmental quality either through their presence or absence

Question 28

how does oxygen generally differ in terms of pollution?

Answer 28

higher pollution levels mean lower oxygen content

Question 29

what are quadrants used to measure?

Answer 29

only sedentary organisms - ie. plants

as animals move

Question 30

why are capture-recapture methods used for animals\/

Answer 30

as they continually move