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B4-B6 > B6.2 - Food Security > Flashcards

B6.2 - Food Security Flashcards

1
Q

describe 5 factors affecting levels of food security

A
  • increasing human population
  • changing diets in wealthier population
  • new pests and pathogens
  • climate change
  • sustainability and cost of agricultural inputs
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2
Q

why does an increasing human population affect food security?

A

more people = more food needed

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3
Q

how does changing diets in wealthier countries affect food security?

A
  • each person wants good food (ie. imported), or more meat (less security)
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4
Q

how does climate change affect food security?

A
  • global warming causes more droughts
  • higher desertification
  • unpredictable rain
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5
Q

positives of higher CO2 levels in the air?

A
  • they may increase crop yields (for photosynthesis)
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6
Q

how does increasing agriculture costs affect food security?

A
  • more expensive to grow food/store/distribute

- so price is too high for other people to afford

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7
Q

define food security

A

the ability of human populations to access food of sufficient quality and quantity

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8
Q

state 5 agricultural solutions to the demands of the growing human population

A
  • hydroponics
  • biological control
  • gene technology
  • fertilisers
  • pesticides
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9
Q

describe hydroponics

A
  • growing crops by replacing soil with mineral solution

- can control growth by changing temperature

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10
Q

positives of hydroponics

A
  • mineral solution can be recycled
  • plants grow quickly
  • more plants can grow n the same space (can be stacked on top of each other)
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11
Q

negatives of hydroponics

A
  • very expensive (set-up costs, constant power required, maintenance costs)
  • susceptible to waterborne diseases
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12
Q

describe biological control

A
  • release a natural predator

- to kill pests where a crop is being grown

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13
Q

disadvantages of biological control?

A
  • may affect other organisms in the food web

- predator may be hard to control

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14
Q

advantages of biological control

A

is an alternative to pesticide, so an organic farming method

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15
Q

how would gene technology solve the demands of a growing human population?

A

produce them to have better yields (disease resistant, pest resistant)

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16
Q

how do herbicides and pesticides solve the demand of a growing human population?

A
  • remove animals that eat crops

- herbicides get rid of competing crops

17
Q

negatives of pesticides and herbicides?

A
  • reduces biodiversity

terrible answer tbh -> you should know what you should write

- pesticides may pass up the food chain

18
Q

difference between intensive farming and organic farming?

A

organic = avoid use of chemicals, smaller yields

intensive = main goal is maximum yield (ie. caged animals = maximum energy for mass and not movement)

19
Q

define sustainable food production

A

producing food that can be continued for an indefinite period of time

20
Q

negatives of fish farming? (3)

A
  • disease spread quickly
  • expensive
  • water quality may be bad as faeces pollutes water
21
Q

what is selective breeding?

A

when humans breed certain plants or animals which have desirable characteristics (ie. may use it to increase crop yield)

22
Q

3 step process in which selective breeding occurs?

A

1) select individuals with desirable characteristics + breed together
2) breed best offspring
3) repeat over many generations

23
Q

disadvantages of selective breeding?

A
  • reduces gene pool (vulnerable to new pathogens)
  • increased chances of inherited diseases
  • unforeseen physical problems (too heavy to walk)
24
Q

how has selective breeding affected food plants?

A
  • wheat has large ears
  • generally in a way to increase crop yield
  • wheat ripens at the same time
25
Q

define genetic engineering

A

a process which involves modifying the genome of an organism to introduce desirable characteristics

26
Q

state the steps carried out to genetically engineer an organism

A

1) a gene is identified for the desired characteristic
2) gene is cut from the rest of DNA by restriction enzymes
3) DNA taken from bacterium (ie. plasmid/ring of DNA)
4) same restriction enzyme cuts open the plasmid
5) ligase enzymes rejoin cut out gene and plasmid ring at sticky ends
6) modified vector is placed into a bacterium
7) bacteria then reproduces through binary fission

27
Q

define the term ‘transgenic bacteria’

A

bacteria which have DNA from another organism

28
Q

when producing insulin from bacteria:

a) what gene is taken from humans
b) how is it produced?

A

a) insulin gene removed from human DNA

b) transgenic bacteria reproduce + produce insulin (a lot of it)

29
Q

what is used to see if cells incorporate foreign genes?

A
  • insert antibiotic resistant gene, if cells survive after adding antibiotics, gene has been taken up
  • insert gene markers (like glow in the dark ones)
30
Q

what is the term used to describe the organism in which the desired gene is removed from?

A

donor organism

31
Q

what is the term used to describe the organism n which the gene is inserted into?

A

host organism

32
Q

compare selective breeding to genetic engineering

A

selective breeding - slow process (several generations)
- may not be exact

genetic engineering - a specific gene can be targetted (more exact)

  • both are used to change the characteristics of an organism
33
Q

explain some benefits of using gene technology in modern agriculture (4)

A
  • can have crops with desired characteristics
  • improve yields (help with population growth)
  • plants can produce their own pesticides (no need for farmer to spray)
  • crops can have vitamins (ie. golden rice) - usually hard to obtain
34
Q

explain some risks of using gene technology in modern agriculture (4)

A
  • do not know full effects of GM on human health
    ie. allergens
  • could create ‘super weeds’ and ‘pests’, as they destroy all the other ones through making herbicides/insecticides
  • could disrupt ecosystems
  • may be seen as unethical
35
Q

define what biotechnology is

A

the process of manipulating genes (can be using biological processes), to produce a product

36
Q

what is a biotechnological solution to the demands of the growing human population?

A

genetic modification

37
Q

give two products of genetic modification and explain how they’ve been changed

A
  • golden rice (has gene from daffodil to produce beta-carotene), the body then uses it to make vitamin A
  • Bt corn (has gene from bacteria which produces a poisonous protein that kills insects)
38
Q

difference between genetic modification and genetic engineering?

A

genetic modification is used for plants + animals

genetic engineering is for bacteria

39
Q

how do you genetically modify an organism?

A
  • same steps as genetic engineering
  • but vector is inserted to organisms’s cell (ie. a virus)
  • so that modified DNA is copied
  • and then replicated in all the other organisms’s cells

B4-B6 (8 decks)

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