B6.052 Prework 4: Intro to Osteoporosis Flashcards

1
Q

osteopenia

A

decreased bone mineral density

T score = -1 to -2.5

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2
Q

osteoporosis

A

osteopenia severe enough to significantly increase fracture risk
T score = less than -2.5

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3
Q

signals of osteoporosis

A

atraumatic or vertebral compression fracture

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4
Q

results of osteoporosis on bone

A

thinning of cortex
reduced trabecular bone mass
loss of trabecular connectivity
all contribute to elevated risk of fracture

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5
Q

key mediators of osteoporosis

A

resorption > formation

  • defects in signaling
  • age related changes
  • endocrine related changes
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6
Q

when do you reach PBM

A

early adulthood after cessation of skeletal growth

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7
Q

when does bone mass start to decline

A

begins in 40s, resorption > formation

steady decline in skeletal mass

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8
Q

epidemiology of osteoporosis

A

ten million individuals > 50 yo have evidence of hip osteoporosis
1.5 x 10^6 osteoporotic fractures/year
lifetime risk, osteoporotic fracture after 50: 1/2 for women, 1/5 for men

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9
Q

sex differences in bone loss with aging

A

1) short phase (3-5 y post menopause): rapid loss of mainly trabecular bone in women
2) longer phase (10-20 y): slower loss (age-related bone loss), both cortical and trabecular compartments, women and men

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10
Q

reasons for sex differences in bone loss

A

bone architecture: boys have wider bones with thicker cortical regions
role of sex hormones in bone remodeling

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11
Q

factors associated with increased risk of osteoporosis in post menopausal women

A
age
maternal history of fracture
face- Hispanic and Asian
current cortisone user
current/former smoker
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12
Q

factors associated with decreased risk of osteoporosis in post menopausal women

A
elevated BMI
regular exercise
race- lower in AAs
alcohol use
current/former estrogen use
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13
Q

why does elevated BMI present a decreased risk of osteoporosis

A

mechanical stress inhibits sclerostin release, allows for increased bone formation
excess adipose presents with and increase in estrogen because of increased aromatase

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14
Q

primary osteoporosis

A

women with natural menopause and older men

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15
Q

secondary osteoporosis

A

result of other disease, condition, or drug induced

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16
Q

causes of secondary osteoporosis

A
endocrine disorders
autoimmune disease
digestive and GI disorders
hematologic/blood disorders
neuro/ nervous system disorders / mental illness
cancer
connective tissue disorders
drug induced disorders
17
Q

most common cause of secondary osteoporosis

A

glucocorticoid induced bone loss

  • pharmacologic doses of steroid used for inflammatory or autoimmune disorders
  • longer duration + higher doses of steroids is most likely to cause bone loss and fractures
  • individuals with cushingoid appearance