B6 - Preventing and Treating disease (HT) Flashcards
Monoclonal antibodies + Plant Disease
What produces monoclonal antibodies?
- A single clone of cells
Why are monoclonal antibodies able to target a specific cell/chemical?
- They are specific to one binding site on one protein antigen
How are monoclonal antibodies produced? (5)
- Mouse lymphocytes stimulated to make specific antibody
- Lymphocyte combined with tumour cell to make a hybridoma cell
- Hybridoma cell can divide + make antibody
- Hybridoma are cloned to produce identical cells that make the same antibody
- Antibodies are collected + purified
What are 4 uses for monoclonal antibodies?
- Pregnancy tests
- Detect pathogens
- Measuring levels of hormones
- Treat cancer
How can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat cancer?
- Monoclonal antibody bound to radioactive substance, toxic drug or chemical which stops the cells growing and dividing
What are 3 advantages of using monoclonal antibodies?
- Treat cancer
- Produced quickly
- Diagnosis + testing for other diseases
What are disadvantages of using monoclonal antibodies?
- Unwanted side effects, not widely used
- Very expensive to produce
- Use of animals
How can plant diseases be detected? (7 ways)
- Stunted growth
- Growths
- Spots on leaves
- Decay
- Malformed stems/leaves
- Discolouration
- Pests
What are 3 ways plant diseases can be identified?
- Gardening manual/website
- Taking infected plants to laboratory
- Using testing kits with monoclonal antibodies
What can infect plants?
- Viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens as well as insects
What does a nitrate deficiency result in?
- Stunted growth
What does a magnesium defiency result in?
- Chlorosis
What are nitrate ions needed for in plants?
- Protein synthesis
What are magnesium ions needed for in plants?
- Make chlorophyll
What 3 physical defences do plants have to resist invasion of microorganisms?
- Cellulose cell walls
- Tough waxy cuticle on leaves
- Dead cells around stems which fall off
What 2 chemical defences do plants have?
- Antibacterial chemicals
- Poison to deter herbivores
What 3 mechanical defences do plants have?
- Thorns and hairs deter animals
- Leaves which curl when touched
- Mimicry to trick animals
