B6(Preventing and treating disease)

Question 1

How does vaccination work

Answer 1

Introduces dead forms of a pathogen into your body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies therefore if the same live pathogen re enters the body the memory B cells respond quickly to produce the antibodies to prevent the infection

Question 2

What is herd immunity

Answer 2

Reducing the spread of a disease by vaccinating a large proportion of a population which reduces the spread of the pathogen

Question 3

What do painkillers do

Answer 3

Treat symptoms of disease but do not kill the pathogens that cause it

Question 4

What do antibiotics do

Answer 4

-Cure bacterial diseases by killing the bacterial pathogens inside your body
-Antibiotics do not destroy viruses because viruses reproduce inside the cells

Question 5

Who discovered penicillin

Answer 5

Alexander Fleming

Question 6

How was penicillin discovered

Answer 6

In 1928 Alexander Fleming found a mould growing on a Petri dish of Staphylococcus bacteria. He noticed the mould preventing the bacteria around it from growing. He identified that the mould produced a self-defence chemical that could kill bacteria.

Question 7

What makes a good medicine

Answer 7

-Effective
-Safe
-stable
-Successfully taken into and removed from your body

Question 8

What are preclinical trials

Answer 8

New drugs are tested using cells,tissues and live animals

Question 9

What are clinical trials

Answer 9

-New drugs tested on healthy volunteers and patients
-Low doses are used to test for safety, followed by higher doses to test for optimum dose

Question 10

What is the order of testing a new drug

Answer 10

1st= Preclinical trials
2nd= clinical trials

Question 11

What is a double blind trial

Answer 11

When the patients are often split into two groups; one given the drug the other given a placebo

Question 12

What is a hybridomas cell

Answer 12

A tumour cell and a B lymphocyte combined

Question 13

Why do we use hybridomas cells

Answer 13

-tumour cells divide faster
-B lymphocytes produce antibodies
-combine them and you get a hybridomas cell which produces antibodies and divides fast

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Question 22

What are monoclonal antibodies

Answer 22

identical copies of one type of antibody

Question 23

How are monoclonal antibodies made

Answer 23

An antigen is injected into a mouse
The mouse naturally produces lymphocytes, which produce antibodies specific to the antigen
The lymphocytes are extracted from the mouse
The extracted lymphocytes are combined with tumour cells to form hybridoma cells
The hybridoma cells are cloned to make many cells that produce the antibodies specific to the target antigen

Question 24

What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 24

In pregnancy tests
In laboratories to measure the levels of hormones and other chemicals in blood
In research to locate specific molecules in a cell by binding to them with a fluorescent dye
To treat some diseases

Question 25

What are the Advantages and disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies

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