B6(Preventing and treating disease) Flashcards
How does vaccination work
Introduces dead forms of a pathogen into your body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies therefore if the same live pathogen re enters the body the memory B cells respond quickly to produce the antibodies to prevent the infection
What is herd immunity
Reducing the spread of a disease by vaccinating a large proportion of a population which reduces the spread of the pathogen
What do painkillers do
Treat symptoms of disease but do not kill the pathogens that cause it
What do antibiotics do
-Cure bacterial diseases by killing the bacterial pathogens inside your body
-Antibiotics do not destroy viruses because viruses reproduce inside the cells
Who discovered penicillin
Alexander Fleming
How was penicillin discovered
In 1928 Alexander Fleming found a mould growing on a Petri dish of Staphylococcus bacteria. He noticed the mould preventing the bacteria around it from growing. He identified that the mould produced a self-defence chemical that could kill bacteria.
What makes a good medicine
-Effective
-Safe
-stable
-Successfully taken into and removed from your body
What are preclinical trials
New drugs are tested using cells,tissues and live animals
What are clinical trials
-New drugs tested on healthy volunteers and patients
-Low doses are used to test for safety, followed by higher doses to test for optimum dose
What is the order of testing a new drug
1st= Preclinical trials
2nd= clinical trials
What is a double blind trial
When the patients are often split into two groups; one given the drug the other given a placebo
What is a hybridomas cell
A tumour cell and a B lymphocyte combined
Why do we use hybridomas cells
-tumour cells divide faster
-B lymphocytes produce antibodies
-combine them and you get a hybridomas cell which produces antibodies and divides fast
What are monoclonal antibodies
identical copies of one type of antibody
How are monoclonal antibodies made
An antigen is injected into a mouse
The mouse naturally produces lymphocytes, which produce antibodies specific to the antigen
The lymphocytes are extracted from the mouse
The extracted lymphocytes are combined with tumour cells to form hybridoma cells
The hybridoma cells are cloned to make many cells that produce the antibodies specific to the target antigen
What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies
In pregnancy tests
In laboratories to measure the levels of hormones and other chemicals in blood
In research to locate specific molecules in a cell by binding to them with a fluorescent dye
To treat some diseases
What are the Advantages and disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies
