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Year 10 - Biology > B6 - Preventing And Treating Disease > Flashcards

B6 - Preventing And Treating Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some sources for most drugs?

A

Plants and microorganisms

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2
Q

What are three examples of sources for drugs as well as why they are used?

A

Digitails from foxgloves - treats irregular heart rhythm.

Willie tree bark - painkiller aspirin.

Penicillium fungus - antibiotic penicillin discovered by Alexander Fleming.

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3
Q

What are the 6 features of a good medicinal drug?

A

Accessible
Dose
Toxicity
Stability
Not addictive
Efficacy (effectiveness)

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4
Q

What are vaccinations?

A

small quantities of dead or inactive pathogen that safely stimulate white blood cells to produce specific antibodies and memory cells.

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5
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

it protects the unvaccinated by separating unvaccinated from the infected with vaccinated people.

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6
Q

What is antigenic variability?

A

when pathogens regularly change their antigens so memory cells do not recognise the new antigens.

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7
Q

Why do some vaccines not last very long?

A

because the antigens change in the pathogen.

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8
Q

What are painkillers?

A

symptomatic treatment that relieves pain by acting on the nervous system.

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9
Q

Give 2 examples of painkillers.

A

paracetamol, ibuprofen

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10
Q

What are examples of symptomatic drugs?

A

antihistamine (allergies)
anti inflammatories (allergies)
heart medicines
anti-depressants
ant-anxiety medication

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11
Q

What are antibodies?

A

a curative treatment that kills specific bacterial infections stopping them harming cells.

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12
Q

specific antibodies only work against _____ bacteria.

A

specific

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13
Q

What do antibodies not kill?

A

viruses, fungi, protists

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14
Q

Bacteria which are no longer killed by an antibiotic are _____ to it.

A

resistant

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15
Q

What has made resistance more common?

A

Natural selection

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16
Q

How do you reduce antibiotic resistance?

A

only prescribe when absolutely necessary and take the full course, even if you feel well.

17
Q

Repeating the antibiotic treatment will now be ____ effective.

A

less

18
Q

When the bacteria repopulate, all offspring bacteria are _____ too.

A

resistant

19
Q

Resistant bacteria survive each treatment with antibiotics whilst others are ____.

A

killed

20
Q

Resistant bacteria survive each treatment with antibiotics whilst others are ____.

A

killed

21
Q

Some bacteria will be naturally ____ resistant to drugs than others.

A

more

22
Q

Populations if bacteria are ____.

A

varied

23
Q

What is an example of a symptomatic drug?

A

painkillers

24
Q

What is a placebo?

A

a dose with no active drug ingredients

25
Q

what is the placebo effect?

A

where patients feel better because they believe they’re receiving medication.

26
Q

What are double blind trials?

A

patients are randomly assigned the active drug or a placebo. Neither the patient or the administering scientists know which the patient receives - to reduce bias.

27
Q

What is the preclinical test on human cells and tissues as well as on live animals?

A

test that help predict whether the drug is toxic to living organisms or humans before tests on humans take place.

28
Q

What are the clinical phase 1 tests on small numbers of healthy volunteers at low dose using double-blind trials?

A

Tests that confirm whether the drug is toxic to humans or causes side-effects.

29
Q

What are the clinical phase 2 tests on small samples of patients using double-blind trials?

A

tests which confirm that the drug works and allows doctors to find the optimum does for patients.

30
Q

What are the clinical phase 3 tests on large samples of patients using double blind trials?

A

Tests that confirm that the effect of the drug is repeatable.

31
Q

What is peer review?

A

other scientists read scrutinise the methods to see if the trial results are valid.

32
Q

Why is licencing useful?

A

so that the government have a list of authorised safe drugs.

33
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

pure samples of antibodies which have:
1 specific shape,
produced by 1 specific lymphocyte,
to target 1 specific antigen.

34
Q

Why are monoclonal antibodies used by scientists?

A

because they can target specific antigens/ substances/ cells.

35
Q

What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies?

A

pregnancy tests.
lateral flow tests for pathogens.
identifying specific chemicals/ drugs/ hormones

36
Q

Monoclonal antibodies create more ___ ____ than expected.

A

Side effects

Year 10 - Biology (8 decks)

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