B5: Communicable Diseases

Question 1

What are some causes of diseases?

Answer 1

Virus
Genetics
Weak immune system
Poisoning
Bacteria
Malnutrition
Injury
Radiation
Tumours
Fungi

Question 2

What are some factors increasing the likelihood of disease?

Answer 2

Old age
Poor diet
Poor hygiene
Low activity/ not exercising

Question 3

What are communicable diseases?

Answer 3

Infectious diseases caused by pathogens

Question 4

What are non-communicable disease?

Answer 4

Non-infectious diseases which are not caused by pathogens

Question 5

What are pathogens?

Answer 5

Infectious microorganisms that cause disease by producing toxins or damaging cells

Question 6

What type of pathogens are there?

Answer 6

Bacterial, fungal, viral, protist

Question 7

What does defective immune system lead to?

Answer 7

More infectious diseases

Question 8

What do viruses lead to?

Answer 8

Trigger cancers

Question 9

What does immune reactions to pathogens lead to?

Answer 9

Trigger rashes and asthma

Question 10

What does severe physical I’ll health lead to?

Answer 10

Depression or other mental illnesses

Question 11

What are the three ways pathogens can be spread?

Answer 11

Airborne
Waterborne
Direct transmission

Question 12

How are pathogens spread through airborne give an example

Answer 12

Droplets from coughs, sneezes E.g. measles

Question 13

How are pathogens spread through waterborne give an example

Answer 13

Pathogens in contaminated water E.g. rose black spot fungus

Question 14

How are pathogens spread through direct transmission give an example?

Answer 14

Contact with skin, sex, eating contaminated food, contact with blood, vectors E.g. salmonella, HIV, gonorrhoea, malaria protists, tobacco mosaic virus

Question 15

What’s Dr Ignaz Semmelweis famous for?

Answer 15

He pioneered hand washing in hospitals

Question 16

What is professor Louis Pasteur famous for?

Answer 16

Predicted tiny organisms might cause diseases in animals and humans.

Question 17

What is professor Joseph lister famous for?

Answer 17

He devised sterile surgical procedures in operating theatres by using disinfectants to clean instruments.

Question 18

How can we prevent infections from spreading?

Answer 18

H - hygiene
I - isolation - isolate the sick
V - vectors - eliminate other organisms that might transmit the pathogens
V - vaccinate

Question 19

What are public health campaigns and why are they useful?

Answer 19

National strategies to improve public health by issuing simple instructions for citizens.

Question 20

What are 3 viral pathogens?

Answer 20

Measles, HIV, Tobacco mosaic virus

Question 21

What are 2 bacterial pathogens?

Answer 21

Salmonella, gonorrhoea

Question 22

What is 1 fungal pathogen?

Answer 22

Rose black spot

Question 23

What is 1 protist pathogen?

Answer 23

Malaria

Question 24

What are antigens?

Answer 24

They are surface proteins on cells and viruses that can cause immune response if not recognised.

Question 25

What are self antigens?

Answer 25

They are antigens on your own cells which your immune system ignores.

Question 26

What are foreign antigens?

Answer 26

Antigens from other organisms which will trigger an immune response. :(

Question 27

What are non-specific defences?

Answer 27

Generic defences to pathogens that are the same, regardless of pathogen.

Question 28

What are barriers?

Answer 28

Physical and chemical obstacles that prevent pathogens from infecting organisms.

Question 29

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 29

White blood cells called phagocytes that pursue, ingest and digest pathogens.

Question 30

What are specific defences?

Answer 30

Targeted response that’s unique for each pathogen. This can lead to ‘immunity’ because repeated responses to same pathogen are faster and more powerful.

Question 31

Explain the antibody production.

Answer 31

Special proteins called antibodies produced by white blood cells called lymphocytes.

Antibodies are complementary in shape to foreign antigens.

Specific antibodies attach to and destroy specific pathogens.

Question 32

Explain antitoxin production.

Answer 32

Antitoxins have matching shapes to the toxin produced by the pathogen.

Antitoxins attach to and neutralise the toxins.

Question 33

What are memory cells?

Answer 33

They are special white blood cells that are produced after a specific immune response.

Question 34

What do memory cells do?

Answer 34

They monitor for reinfection by pathogens with the same antigen.

Question 35

What do memory cells do if they monitor an infection with the same antigen as before?

Answer 35

More antibodies and antitoxins are produced.
Antibodies and antitoxins are made more quickly.
This allows the person to become immune.

Question 36

What are some symptoms of plant diseases?

Answer 36

Stunted growth
Spots on leaves
Areas of decay
Growths
Malformed stems or leaves
Discolouration
Presence of pests

Question 37

How can you identify diseases on plants?

Answer 37

Gardening manuals or websites.
Taking plants to a lab.
Using a testing kit that contains monoclonal antibodies.

Question 38

What is a magnesium deficiency in plants?

Answer 38

Stops plants from making chlorophyll for photosynthesis (chlorosis)

Question 39

What is a nitrate deficiency in plants?

Answer 39

Stops plants from making proteins for growth.

Question 40

Why are nematode worms harmful?

Answer 40

They attack roots by making it rot and decompose therefore preventing the plant from being able to collect water to survive.

Question 41

Why are aphids harmful?

Answer 41

They take sugars and act as vectors for pathogens.

Question 42

What are physical barriers?

Answer 42

Cellulose cell walls, tough waxy cuticles on leaves, and dead cells (bark) that fall away if infected.

Question 43

What are chemical barriers?

Answer 43

Antibacterial chemicals which kill bacteria poisons which put off herbivores.

Question 44

What are mechanical barriers?

Answer 44

Thorns, hairs, mimicry, and curling leaves to put off herbivores