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Year 10 - Biology > B11 - Hormonal Coordination > Flashcards

B11 - Hormonal Coordination Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the endocrine system?

A

A system of glands which secrets hormones into the bloodstream.

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2
Q

What’s a hormone?

A

Chemicals produced by glands and transported in the bloodstream which only affect their target organs and cause them to produce a response.

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3
Q

What’s the pituitary gland also known as?

A

The master gland

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4
Q

Where is glucose stored and what is it stored as?

A

Glycogen in your muscles and liver

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5
Q

What happens when glucose levels get too low?

A

The pancreas releases glycagon which causes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose.

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6
Q

What is glycagon?

A

Causes blood glucose levels to rise

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7
Q

What does insulin do?

A

Causes blood glucose levels to fall

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8
Q

What happens when blood glucose levels get too high?

A

The pancreas releases insulin which causes more glucose to move to cell for respiration and glucose that moved to muscle and liver cells is stored as glycogen.

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9
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

Tells the hormones to control all apart from pancreas as it has small amount of brain tissue.

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10
Q

What happens to glucose levels when a person eats?

A

Increases

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11
Q

What is the endocrine gland?

A

An organe that secrètes hormones into the bloodstream.

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12
Q

Why is the pituitary gland called the master gland?

A

Because it controls the other hormones apart from pancreas.

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13
Q

What’s the definition of diabetes?

A

A group of disorders where people are unable to control their blood glucose levels.

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14
Q

What’s the definition of type 1 diabetes?

A

A disorder in which the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin causing high blood glucose levels.

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15
Q

What’s the definition of type 2 diabetes?

A

A disorder in which the body cells no longer respond to insulin which is still produced by the pancreas. This causes both high insulin levels and high blood glucose levels.

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16
Q

What’s the cause of type 1 diabetes?

A

High blood glucose levels

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17
Q

What’s the cause of type 2 diabetes?

A

High insulin levels and high glucose levels.

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18
Q

What’s the definition of negative feedback system?

A

A system which reverses any changes to it keeping factors within acceptable levels.

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19
Q

What’s thyroxine?

A

A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that is transported in the blood.

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20
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

Régulâtes the basal metabolic rate in cells which controls growth and development.

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21
Q

What happens when thyroxine levels rise?

A

Less thyroxine is secreted by thyroid and pituary gland secrets less TSH

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22
Q

What happens when thyroxine levels fall?

A

More thyroxine secreted by gland and pituitary gland secrets more TSH.

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23
Q

What does TSH stand for?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

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24
Q

When is adrenaline produced?

A

Only when necessary and then it’s production stops and levels drop back to zero and breaks down

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25
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

A hormone produced by adrenal glands during times of stress or fear.

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26
Q

How is adrenaline transported?

A

In the blood to many tissues and organs

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27
Q

What does adrenaline increase?

A

Heart rate
Oxygen delivery to brain and muscles
Glucose delivery to brain and muscles

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28
Q

What’s the definition of puberty?

A

The development of secondary reproductive characteristics, leading to fertility.

29
Q

What physical changes trigger follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)v

A

Egg natures in their follicles in the ovaries

30
Q

What physical changes trigger oestrogen?

A

Stimulates the lining of uterus to grow again after menstruation in preparation for pregnancy.

31
Q

What physical changes trigger luteinising hormone (LH)?

A

Stimulates the release of a mature egg from the ovary.

32
Q

What physical changes trigger progesterone?

A

Helps maintain a pregnancy if egg is fertilised.
Maintains the lining of the uterus in second half of cycle.

33
Q

Where is FSH produced?

A

Pituitary gland

34
Q

Where is oestrogen produced?

A

Follicle/ovary

35
Q

Where is LH produced?

A

Pituitary gland

36
Q

Where is progesterone produced?

A

Follicle/ovary

37
Q

Results of FSH?

A

Stimulates the ovaries to produce hormones including oestrogen.

38
Q

Results of oestrogen?

A

High levels inhibit the production of more FSH and stimulate the release of LH.

39
Q

Results of LH?

A

LH levels fall again once ovulation takes place.

40
Q

Results of progesterone?

A

Inhibits both FSH and LH.

41
Q

Contraception definition

A

Preventing sperm cells and egg cells from fusing to stop unwanted pregnancy

42
Q

What are two hormone based contraception?

A

Oral contraception (The Pill)
Implants, patches or injections

43
Q

What hormones are in oral contraception?

A

Progesterone (and sometimes oestrogen) that inhibit FSH which stops from maturing

44
Q

What hormones are in implants, patches or injections?

A

Progesterone that inhibits FSH

45
Q

What are the 5 non-hormonal contraceptions?

A

Barriers (condoms, diaphragms)
Spermicide - kills sperm
Intrauterine device
Abstinence shortly after ovulation
Surgical methods (tubectomy (F) vasectomy (M))

46
Q

What causes infertility in men?

A

Low motility of sperm
No/little sperm production
Age

47
Q

What causes infertility in women?

A

Insufficient FSH
Weight
Age

48
Q

What is treatment 1 for infertility?

A

Fertility drugs before natural conception.
FSH and LH injections stimulate ovulation. The woman then gets pregnant in the normal way.

49
Q

What are the 4 stages of treatment 2 for infertility?

A
  1. FSH and LH injections stimulate egg maturation.
  2. Eggs collected from the mother, then mixed with sperm in a petri dish.
  3. Fertilised eggs develop into embryos.
  4. When several embryos become balls of cells, they are inserted back into uterus.
50
Q

What’s an advantage of treatment 2?

A

Allows infertile people to have babies.

51
Q

What’s a disadvantage to treatment 2?

A

Emotionally and physically stressful
Low success rate
High risk of multiple births, riskier birth

52
Q

What is treatment 2?

A

IVF

53
Q

How are hormones versatile?

A

Can activate more than one target organ.
Can cause different responses in different tissues.
Can produce different responses at different concentrations.

54
Q

What’s auxin?

A

A growth hormone in plants which causes tropisms.

55
Q

What is topisms?

A

Directional growth in responses to a stimulus.

56
Q

What is photo tropism?

A

Growth in response to light.

57
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

Growth in response to fractional field (roots growing down to the ground cus of gravity)

58
Q

Where is auxin produced?

A

The tip of plant

59
Q

Where does auxin move in shoots?

A

To the shaded side of the plant

60
Q

What does auxin do in shoots?

A

Helps cell grow quicker

61
Q

What does uneven auxin distribution cause?

A

Uneven elongation which causes bending

62
Q

What does auxin act as in roots?

A

A growth inhibiter

63
Q

Where does auxin move in roots and what does it cause?

A

Moves to lower side and makes the root bend downwards

64
Q

What is agriculture definition?

A

Growth of plants for food

65
Q

What is horticulture?

A

Growth of plants for aesthetic purposes

66
Q

What are the uses of auxin?

A

Rooting powders for cutting
Weed killer - causes excessive growth

67
Q

What are uses of gibberellins?

A

To speed up germination (seed sprouting)
To make plants flower earlier
To increase fruit size

68
Q

What is a use of ethene gas?

A

To speed up ripening during storage

Year 10 - Biology (8 decks)

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