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Biology-paper 1 & 2 > B6 Inheritance, variation and evolution > Flashcards

B6 Inheritance, variation and evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Genome

A

Genome is at home for the entire set of genetic material in an organism

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2
Q

What are genes

A

– Small sections of DNA found in crime is owns

– each gene codes for a particular sequence of amino acid’s which are put together to form a specific protein

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3
Q

What shape is DNA in

A

a polymers made from Two strands – in the shape of a double helix

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4
Q

What is sexual reproduction

A

Involves the fusion of male and female gametes – because there are two parents the offspring has a mixture of their genes
-Genetic information from two organisms are combined to produce offspring which are genetically different for the parents
– the mixture of genetic information produces variation
–

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5
Q

How many chromosomes to each gamete have

A

23

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6
Q

Does sexual reproduction happen through meiosis or mitosis

A

Meiosis

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7
Q

How does sexual reproduction happen

A

To gametes fuse together

– each have 23 chromosomes so add up to 46

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8
Q

What is asexual reproduction

A

There is only one parent. There is no fusion of gametes, no mix of chromosomes and no genetic variation between parents and offspring
– they are genetically identical

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9
Q

How does asexual reproduction happen

By meiosis or mitosis

A

By mitosis

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10
Q

What are gametes

A

Gametes only have one copy of each chromosome so when they fuse with another Gamete the right number of chromosomes are present again

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11
Q

What genes do a
– male have
– female have

A

Male - XY

Female - XX

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12
Q

What does heterozygous mean

A

Two different alleles

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13
Q

What does homozygotes mean

A

Two identical alleles

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14
Q

What is variation

A

The difference between Individuals of the same species

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15
Q

What is a genotype and what is a phenotype

A

Genotype – all the genes and alleles that an organism has

Phenotype – the characteristics it displays

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16
Q

Is a mutation

A

Change to the Genome

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17
Q

What is the theory of evolution

A

All life forms have evolved from simple life forms that developed over 3 billion years ago
– natural selection

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18
Q

What can affect evolution

A

Organisms compete for limited resources in the eco system Those with suitable characteristics will be more successful competition and therefore survive passing on their genes

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19
Q

What is IVF – embryo screening

A

Embryos Are fertilised in a lab and then implanted into the woman’s womb
-Before being planted, it is possible to remove the cell and analyse its genes

20
Q

What are the reasons for embryo screening

A

It prevents suffering

There are laws to stop it going to far

21
Q

What are reasons against IVF -Embryo screening

A

It costs a lot of money

It implies that people with a sword Art on this horrible

Unused embryos are killed

22
Q

What is speciation

A

When the phenotype of an organism changes so much because of natural selection that it is completely new species

23
Q

What is extinction

A

When no individuals of the species remain

24
Q

What factors can affect extinction

A 
Changing environment
New predators
New diseases
Competition for food
A catastrophic event
25
Q

What is polydactyly

A

When the patient gets extra fingers or toes

– it is caused by a dominant Allele And therefore can be inherited if just one person carries the defective allele

26
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A

A genetic disorder of the cell membranes which results in the body producing a lot of sticky thick mucus in the air passages and in the pancreas

-For a child to have disorder both parents must be either carriers or have a disorder themselves

27
Q

What is selective breeding

A

Process by which humans breed plants and animals with particular genetic characteristics

Involves choosing the parents with the desired characteristics from a mixed population – From the offspring, those with the desired characteristics of bread together – this carries on until the offspring show the desired characteristic

28
Q

What are uses of Selective breeding

A

You can increase yield from animals
Crops Cumber, disease resistant
Dogs with a good/gentle temperament
Decorative plants with big or unusual flowers

29
Q

What are the disadvantages of selective breeding

A

Ethical issues – animal welfare – animals in pain
Reduce variation in population – more susceptible to illness – can’t evolve
Higher incidence of genetic disorder due to inbreeding
This is due to the reduced gene pool

30
Q

What are the basic steps in genetic modification

A

A useful gene is isolated (cut) From another organisms genome using enzymes and then is inserted into a vector

The vector is usually a virus or bacterial plasmid

Bacterial cells contain plasmids

Use the same enzyme to cut out the bacteria

Use a different enzyme to stick the Wanted gene into the bacterial plasmid

31
Q

What are positives of genetically modified crops

A

They can increase the yield

Can be engineered to increase nutrition

32
Q

Negatives of genetically modified crops

A

They can affect the number of wildflowers reducing farmland biodiversity

They might not always be safe – people have concerns about the effect on human health

Problem if getting to the natural environment e.g. the herbicide resistant gene might be picked up by weeds

33
Q

Antibiotic resistant bacteria

A

That can evolve rapidly because they Reproduce at a fast rate

They are a problem because they can be immune to certain Herbicides

The development of new antibiotics is costly and slow and therefore is on likely to keep up with the emergence of new resistant strains

34
Q

What are ways of making bacteria resistant

A

By prescribing antibiotics inappropriately

Patient should complete the full course of antibiotics all the bacteria is killed and none of it can mutate

The agricultural use of antibiotic should be restricted

35
Q

What are the types of fossils

A

Gradual replacement by minerals
Casting impressions
Preservation

36
Q

How are fossils Formed through the gradual replacement by minerals

A

Things like teeth shells and bones don’t occasionally and take a long time when buried
– there eventually replaced by minerals as they decay, forming a rocklike substance shaped like the original hard partSlyne

The surrounding sediment also tells the right to whether the fossil stays distinct

37
Q

How are fossils formed from casts and impressions

A

When an organism is buried in a soft material such as clay it hardens around there and the organism the case leaving a cast of itself

38
Q

How are fossils formed from preservations in places where no decay happens

A

In places where there is no oxygen or moisture – decay microbes can’t Survive

39
Q

What is the classification of the Lynian system

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
40
Q

How did the classification system change

A

3 domain was introduced

41
Q

What is archaea

A

Archaea-Organisms in this domain or primitive bacteria. They are often found in extreme places such as hot springs and salt lakes

42
Q

What is the three domains system

A

Archaea

Bacteria

Eukaryote

43
Q

What is bacteria

A

bacteria-The domain that contains true bacteria. Although they look similar to archaea there are a lot of biochemical differences between them

44
Q

What is eukaryota

A

Eukaryota-This domain includes a broad range of organisms including funi, plants, animals, protists

45
Q

What is the binomial system

A

Organisms are named according to their binomial system – every organism is given into its own two-part Latin name

Biology-paper 1 & 2 (7 decks)

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