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Biology-paper 1 & 2 > B2 Organisation > Flashcards

B2 Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the order of the large multi cellular organisms

A

Cells –Tissue – organs – organ system

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2
Q

What are enzymes

A

They cause chemical reactions and control them

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3
Q

What is the definition of a catalyst

A

A substance which increases the speed of reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction

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4
Q

What happens to the enzyme when it’s not the right temperature or pH

A

PH – if it’s too high or low it interferes with the bonds holding the enzyme together. This changes the shape of the active site and denatures the enzyme

Temperature – this will denature the enzyme and change its active site

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5
Q

What is an active site and substrate

A

They fit into each other to catalyse a reaction

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6
Q

How do you calculate the rate of reaction

A

Rate = 1000 / time

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7
Q

What does amylase do

A

(It’s a type of carbohydrase)

It breaks down starch into maltose

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8
Q

Where is amylase found

A

The salivary glands
The pancreas
Small intestine

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9
Q

What does protease do

A

Breaks down proteins into amino acid’s

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10
Q

Where is protease found

A

In the stomach, pancreas, small intestine

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11
Q

What does lipase do

A

Converts lipids into glycerone and fatty acid’s

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12
Q

Where is lipase found

A

In the pancreas and small Intestine

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13
Q

What does bile do

A

The bile neutralises hydrochloric acid in the stomach because Enzymes in the small intestine prefer alkaline conditions

It also emulsifies fats to give it a large surface area so lipase can work faster

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14
Q

How do you test for sugars

A

The Benedicks test

-Prepare a food sample and transfer 5 cm³ to the test tube
-Prepare a water bath so it’s set to 75°
– add the Benedicks solution
– put the test tube in the water bath and leave for five minutes
– check the colour to see how much sugar is in this food

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15
Q

What colour will the Benedicks solution go if it contains sugar

A

It will change from blue to green yellow or Brick Red

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16
Q

How do you test for starch

A

The iodine solution

– Prepare a Food sample and transfer 5 cm³ of this To the test tube
– add Iodine and shake
– if it changes from brownie orange to black or blue it contains starch

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17
Q

How do you test for proteins

A

The biuret test

Prepare a sample of your food and transfer 2 cm³ of your sample to a test tube
– add 2 cm³ of biuret at solution and mix it by gently shake on it
-If it contains protein that will change from blue to pink or purple

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18
Q

How do you test for lipids

A

The Sudan III test

Prepare a sample of the food will transfer 5 cm³ into a test tube
– add three drops of sudan to the test tube and gently shake
If it contains lipids it to separate two layers. The top layer will be bright red

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19
Q

What’s the lungs surrounded by

A

Plural membranes, rips, intercostal muscles

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20
Q

What is a pacemaker

A

The right atrium has a group of service which controls your resting heart rate – the cells produce a small electrical impulse

21
Q

What is the function of an artery

A

To carry blood away from the heart are high-pressure so the artery walls are strong and elastic, but it has a small lumen, it contains a thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres to allow to

22
Q

What are the functions of the vein

A

They carry blood to the heart low-pressure, with thin walls, with a large lumen, with the valves

23
Q

What are the functions of the capillaries

A

Arteries Branch out and capillaries which are very small (one cell Thick), They carry blood to be very close to eat so the body to exchange substances with them, their walls allow diffusion in and out

24
Q

What does a red blood cell do

A

They carry oxygen, have a large surface area, have no nucleus to carry more oxygen, they have a red pigment called haemoglobin

haemoglobin binds to oxygen to become oxyhaemoglobin

25
Q

What do you platelets do

A

They are small fragments in service with no nucleus but help the blood to clot a wound and stop microorganisms getting in

26
Q

What is plasma

A

The Liquid in the blood which carries everything:

E.g. red and white blood cells and platelets/Nutrients/Call moans/proteins/antibodies and antitoxins

27
Q

What do you white blood cells do

A

They are in golf unwonted microorganisms (phagocytosis)
– they produce antibodies and antitoxins
– they have a nucleus

28
Q

What is CHD

A

When the coronary arteries that supply blood to the muscle of the heart gets blocked by loads of fatty material building up, This restricts blood flow to the heart as the water is back on narrow and there is a Lack of oxygen to the heart muscle – resulting in a possible heart attack

29
Q

How do stents reduce the chance of CHD

A

Stents are tubes that are inserted inside arteries – they keep them open, making sure blood can pass through to the heart

There effective for a long time and the recovery time from the surgery was quick

On the other hand there is a risk of complications during the operation or infection from the surgery – they could also get a blood clot

30
Q

How do you statins reduce cholesterol in the blood

A

Statins or drugs that reduce the amount of bad cholesterol present in the bloodstream which if it builds up it can cause fatty deposits and lead to search to – starting to slow down the rate of fatty deposits forming

31
Q

What are the disadvantages of statins

A

They have to be taken regularly for a long time and therefore is a risk that someone forgets to take them

They can sometimes cause side-effects e.g. kidney faliar

It sometimes takes time for the effects of statins to work

32
Q

What can cause noncommunicable diseases

A 
– Smoking
– poor diet
– lack of exercise
– excessive alcohol consumption
– exposure to carcinogens
– UV light
– genes
33
Q

What is cancer

A

Rapid and uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells

34
Q

What is health

A

State of physical and mental well-being

35
Q

What is a benign cancer

A

Where the tumour grows until there is no more room and stays in one place

36
Q

What is a malignant cancer

A

Where the tumour grows and spreads to neighbourhood tissues

37
Q

What are the risk factors for cancer

A

– Smoking
– obesity
– you’ve exposure
– and genetic

38
Q

Where in the leaf is the Palaside mesophil And what is it do

A

It’s near the top of the leaf because it contains Chloroplasts for photosynthesis

39
Q

What does the waxy cuticle do

A

Helps reduce water loss through evaporation and causes rainwater to run off the leaf

40
Q

What are the upper and lower epidermis tissues and what do I do

A

Upper epidermis –Transparent to let the light go through, At the top of Leith

Low epidermis – has holes called this stomata Which are controlled by guard cells and allow CO2 to diffuse into the leaf

41
Q

What does the spongy Mesophil do

A

Has spaces to help gas exchange

42
Q

What does the xylem And what is it

A

It’s made up with dead cells – they carry water and minerals from the roots to the stem and leaves Where It evaporates

This is called the transpiration stream

43
Q

What is transpiration

A

The loss of water from a plant

44
Q

What is the phloem And what does it do

A

Made up of elongated living cells with small pause at the end of walls to allow cell sap to flow through

The transport food substances e.g. dissolved sugars – this happens in both directions

This is called translocation

45
Q

What for factors affect transpiration

A

– Light intensity
– temperature
– airflow
– humidity

46
Q

How does light intensity affect transpiration

A

The brighter the light the greater the transpiration rates as this tomato opens in the light

47
Q

How does temperature affect transpiration rate

A

The warmer is the force of the transpiration happens because when it’s warm and I have more energy

48
Q

How do you airflow affect transpiration rate

A

The better the airflow the greater the transpiration Great

– if airflow is poor the water vapour hangs around the leaf and doesn’t move

49
Q

How does humidity affect transpiration rate

A

It can affect the diffusion rate in the plant

Biology-paper 1 & 2 (7 decks)

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