B3 Infection and response

Question 1

What are pathogens

Answer 1

Microorganisms that cause infectious disease

Question 2

What are the pathogens

Answer 2

Viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi

Question 3

How do you bacteria make you feel ill

Answer 3

They produced toxins that damage your cells and tissues

Question 4

How’s the viruses make you feel ill

Answer 4

They live and reproduce inside your body cells and burst releasing all the Viruses-The cell damage is what makes you feel well

Question 5

What are the three viral diseases

Answer 5

Measles, HIV, tobacco mosaic virus

Question 6

How are measles spread and how can I be prevented

Answer 6

Weasel spread by droplets from an infected person sneeze or cough

, most people are vaccinated against measles when they young

Measles come later pneumonia Brain infection – this occurs when there are complications

Question 7

How is HIV spread and how can it be prevented And what does it do

Answer 7

Spread via sexual contact or by exchanging bodily fluids

It can be prevented via protection

H I V attacks the immune cells where I can no longer deal with other diseases or infections

Question 8

What does tobacco mosaic virus do and what is it

Answer 8

It affects plants by leaving a mosaic pattern and causing them to discolour

Affect the growth of the plant due to the lack of photosynthesis

Question 9

What are the two bacterial diseases

Answer 9

Salmonella, gonorrhoea

Question 10

What is salmonella, how can you prevent it. And what does it do

Answer 10

Salmonella is a bacteria that causes food poisoning

Infected people suffer from fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea which are caused by the toxins in the bacteria
– this is by eating food with the salmonella bacteria

Most poultry in the UK is given a vaccination against salmonella

Question 11

What is gonorrhoea, how is it spread, how can you prevent it

Answer 11

Gonorrhoea is a sexually-transmitted disease

It is caused by bacteria passed on by sexual contact

It can be prevented through antibiotics or barrier methods of contraception

Question 12

What is the fungal disease

Answer 12

Rose blackspot

Question 13

What is rose black spot, What does it affect, how do you prevent this, how does it spread

Answer 13

Rose blackspot causes black spots to develop on the leaves which means there is less photosynthesis
–
Spread through the wind and in water

It can be prevented by stripping the plant of the affected leaves

Question 14

What is the protist disease

Answer 14

Malaria

Question 15

What It is malaria,How does this affect people and how can it be stopped or prevented from being passed on

Answer 15

Malaria lives inside mosquitoes who feed on the animals and pass on to people

It causes repeating episodes of fever

It can be stopped through mosquito nets And by stopping mosquitoes from breeding

Question 16

How can the spreading of diseases Be reduced or prevented

Answer 16

– Being hygienic
– destroying vectors
– isolating infected individuals
– vaccinations

Question 17

How does the skin act A defence system against pathogens

Answer 17

It acts as a barrier

Question 18

How does the nose act as a defence system against pathogens

Answer 18

It has mucus and hairs to trap particles

Question 19

How does the track you and Bronchi Act as a defence against pathogens

Answer 19

It secretes mucus to trap pathogens and they are lined with cilia

Question 20

How does the stomach act as a defence system against pathogens

Answer 20

It produces hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens

Question 21

What are the three ways the Muse this time deals with pathogens

Answer 21

– It consumes them
– it produces antibodies
– it produce antitoxins

Question 22

How does the Immune system consume pathogens

Answer 22

The white blood cells and go foreign cells and digest them –This is called phagocytosis

Question 23

How does producing antibodies fight disease

Answer 23

Pathogens have antigens on the surface – when some types of white blood cells come across a foreign antigen day you will produce proteins called antibodies to lock onto invading cells and so they can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells – that antibodies are specific to the antigen
-Antibodies all then Produced rapidly and carried around the body to find all similar bacteria and viruses
– if a person is infected with the same pathogen again the white blood cells will produce the antibodies again rapidly From the memory cell – they become naturally immune

Question 24

How do antitoxins fight disease

Answer 24

They counter out toxins produced by the invading bacteria

Question 25

What is a vaccination

Answer 25

Introducing dead Or an inactive pathogens into the blood – but antigens on the pathogen will stimulate that white blood cells to produce antibodies

Question 26

What painkillers do

Answer 26

They relieve the pain – however don’t actually tackle the cause of the disease or kill pathogens – they just reduce symptoms

Question 27

What do you antibiotics do

Answer 27

They kill or prevent the growth of the bacteria causing the problem without killing your own body cells – different antibiotics kill different bacteria so it’s important you get treated with the right one

Question 28

Antibiotics don’t destroy viruses

Answer 28

Go to the next one Sam stronge

Question 29

What is a placebo

Answer 29

A substance or tablet that does not contain the drug – it’s important to compare drugs against – they must look, taste the same

Question 30

Do you drug trials do

Answer 30

They check the drug is safe, effective, what dosage to use, the toxicity

Question 31

Why is it hard to develop drugs that kill viruses

Answer 31

Because they reproduce inside body cells and therefore it’s hard to treat it without killing the body cells

Question 32

What are the three steps in developing drugs

Answer 32

One – testing on body cells
Two- testing it on animals
Three – testing it on human volunteers

Question 33

What do they do in preclinical testing

Answer 33

They use cells, tissues and then live animals

-This check is that efficiency, to find out if it’s toxic and to see the best dosage

Question 34

What do a clinical trials

Answer 34

They tested on healthy human volunteers to check it has no harmful side-effects when the body is working normally – it’s given out very low dosage however this is an increased

If the results are good they will test on people suffering from the onus wear the correct dosages found

they then use the placebo and other test to check it works