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M&M Test 3 > B6-076 Pathologic Fracture: Metastatic Cancer > Flashcards

B6-076 Pathologic Fracture: Metastatic Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

what factor makes a tumor malignant?

A

the ability to kill the patient

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2
Q

each “hallmark” of a malignant cancer is the result of

A

single mutation

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3
Q

oncogenes causes […] of function mutations

A

gain

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4
Q

tumor suppressor genes cause […] of function mutations

A

loss

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5
Q

signal transducing proteins

A

RAS
BRAF
JAK2
NOTCH
ABL

**oncogenes

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6
Q

nuclear regulatory proteins

A

MYC
NMYC

**oncogenes

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7
Q

cell cycle regulators

A

Cyclin D1
CDK4

**oncogenes

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8
Q

enablers of geonomic stability

A

TP53

**tumor suppressor

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9
Q

how many alleles of oncogenes need to be affected to increase the odds of metaplasia?

A

1

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10
Q

how many alleles of tumor suppressor genes need to be affected to increase the odds of metaplasia?

A

both

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11
Q

[oncogene or tumor suppressor]
more likely to be inherited mutation

A

tumor suppressor

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12
Q

plasma cell myeloma is likely to present as a […] metastases

A

lytic

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13
Q

likely to present as sclerotic/blastic metastases [2]

A

prostate adenocarcinoma
breast carcinoma

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14
Q

[what stage?]
invaded lamina propria

A

T1

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15
Q

[what stage?]
invades muscularis propria?

A

T2

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16
Q

[what stage?]
invades adipose tissue

A

T3

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17
Q

[what stage?]
invades other organs

A

T4

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18
Q

all neoplasms are […]

A

clonal

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19
Q

a malignant tumor of gland forming cells is called

A

adenocarcinoma

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20
Q

a benign tumor of gland forming cells is

A

adenoma

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21
Q

can oncogenes mutation be inherited?

22
Q

DNA repair genes are [onco/tumor suppressor] genes

A

tumor suppressor

23
Q

lytic metastases are associated with increased […] activity

A

osteoclastic

24
Q

if you see a report with an allele frequency near 50%, you should be concerned about

A

germ line mutation

25
Q

what type of gene is BRCA2?

A

tumor suppressor

26
Q

what type of gene is EGFR?

27
Q

directed therapies are most effective at targeting

A

protein products of oncogenes

28
Q

what kind of genes are DNA repair genes?

A

tumor suppressor

29
Q

Li Fraumeni

30
Q

why is myeloma lytic?

A

produces RANKL which activates osteoclasts via RANK

31
Q

most common primary bone malignancy in adults

A

chondrosarcoma

32
Q

[oncogene or tumor suppressor]
growth factors and growth factor receptors

33
Q

[oncogene or tumor suppressor]
signal-transducing proteins

34
Q

[oncogene or tumor suppressor]
nuclear regulatory proteins

35
Q

[oncogene or tumor suppressor]
cell cycle regulators

36
Q

[oncogene or tumor suppressor]
inhibitors of mitogenic signaling pathways

A

tumor suppressor

37
Q

[oncogene or tumor suppressor]
inhibitors of cell cycle progession

A

tumor suppressor

38
Q

[oncogene or tumor suppressor]
inhibitors of pro-growth metabolism and angiogenesis

A

tumor suppressor

39
Q

[oncogene or tumor suppressor]
inhibitors of invasion and metastasis

A

tumor suppressor

40
Q

[oncogene or tumor suppressor]
enablers of genomic stability

A

tumor suppressor

41
Q

[oncogene or tumor suppressor]
DNA repair factors

A

tumor suppressor

42
Q

DNA repair factors [3]

A

BRCA1
BRCA2
MMR

**tumor suppressors

43
Q

MSH2, MLH1, MSH6

A

Lynch syndrome

44
Q

BRCA1, BRCA2

A

familial breast/ovarian cancer

45
Q

CDH1

A

familial gastric cancer

46
Q

VHL

A

von Hippel-lindau

renal cell carcinoma

47
Q

APC

A

familial colonic polyps and carcinomas

48
Q

PTEN

A

cowden syndrome

49
Q

SMAD2, SMAD4

A

juvenille polyposis

colonic/pancreatic carcinomas

50
Q

RB

A

familial retinoblastoma

M&M Test 3 (16 decks)

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