B6-076 Pathologic Fracture: Metastatic Cancer Flashcards
what factor makes a tumor malignant?
the ability to kill the patient
each “hallmark” of a malignant cancer is the result of
single mutation
oncogenes causes […] of function mutations
gain
tumor suppressor genes cause […] of function mutations
loss
signal transducing proteins
RAS
BRAF
JAK2
NOTCH
ABL
**oncogenes
nuclear regulatory proteins
MYC
NMYC
**oncogenes
cell cycle regulators
Cyclin D1
CDK4
**oncogenes
enablers of geonomic stability
TP53
**tumor suppressor
how many alleles of oncogenes need to be affected to increase the odds of metaplasia?
1
how many alleles of tumor suppressor genes need to be affected to increase the odds of metaplasia?
both
[oncogene or tumor suppressor]
more likely to be inherited mutation
tumor suppressor
plasma cell myeloma is likely to present as a […] metastases
lytic
likely to present as sclerotic/blastic metastases [2]
prostate adenocarcinoma
breast carcinoma
[what stage?]
invaded lamina propria
T1
[what stage?]
invades muscularis propria?
T2
[what stage?]
invades adipose tissue
T3
[what stage?]
invades other organs
T4
all neoplasms are […]
clonal
a malignant tumor of gland forming cells is called
adenocarcinoma
a benign tumor of gland forming cells is
adenoma