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지시엣이 Biology > B5 - Homeostasis > Flashcards

B5 - Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

The maintenance, balance and regulation of a constant internal environment

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2
Q

Why do we need homeostasis?

A

Cells need the right conditions to function properly, including the right right conditions for enzyme action.

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3
Q

Give some automatic control system examples in your body

A
  • Nervous

- Hormonal

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4
Q

Homeostasis examples

A
  • Body temperature
  • Blood glucose level
  • Water potential
  • Negative feedback
  • pH
  • CO2 concentration
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5
Q

What are all automatic control systems made up of?

A

Receptors, coordination centres and effectors

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6
Q

Negative feedback

A
  • When the level of something gets too high or too low (from the ideal or set point), the body uses negative feedback to bring it back to normal
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7
Q

Negative feedback order for high/low levels

A

1) receptors detects a stimulus level is too high/too low
2) Coordination centre receives and processes the information, then organises a response
3) Effector produces a response, which counteracts the change and restores the optimum level

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8
Q

Why do humans need the nervous system?

A

So they can react to their surroundings and coordinate their behaviour

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9
Q

Central Nervous System

A
  • In vertebrates, it consists of the brain and spinal chord only.
  • In mammals, the CNS is connected to the body by neurones and motor neurones
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10
Q

Sensory neurones

A

Neurones that carry information as electrical impulses from the receptors to the CNS

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11
Q

Motor neurones

A

Neurones that carry information as electrical impulses from the receptors to the CNS

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12
Q

Effectors

A

All the muscles and glands, which respond to the nervous impulses

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13
Q

Receptors

A
  • Cells that detect stimuli
  • Can form part of larger, complex organs
  • Different types for different purposes (taste receptors, sound receptors etc)
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14
Q

Effectors

A
  • Respond to nervous impulses and bring about a change

- Muscles and Glands

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15
Q

How do muscles react to nervous impulses

A

Contract

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16
Q

How do glands react to nervous impulses?

A

Secrete hormones

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17
Q

Order of CNS

A

1) Stimulus
2) Receptor
3) Sensory Neurone
4) CNS
5) Motor Neurone
6) Effector
7) Response

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18
Q

Stimulus

A

Any change in your environment (sound, light, taste, pressure, touch, smell etc.)

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19
Q

Synapse

A

The connection between 2 neurones

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20
Q

How do the nerve signals transfer?

A

Chemicals diffuse the signal across the gap which then set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone

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21
Q

Reflexes

A

Rapid, automatic responses to certain stimuli that don’t involve tge conscious part of the brain

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22
Q

Give examples of reflexes

A
  • Eye adjusting to light concentration

- Adrenaline levels

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23
Q

Reflex arc

A

The passage of information in a reflex (from receptor to effector)

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24
Q

Order of Reflex Arc

A

1) Neurones in reflex arcs go though the spinal cord or through an unconscious part of the brain
2) Stimulus detected by receptors, impulses sent along sensory neurone to a relay neurone in the CNS
3) Relay neurone triggered with synapses
4) Impulses sent to motor neurone
5) Impulses travel along the motor neurone to the effector

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25
Q

What factors can affect reaction time?

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Drugs
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26
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical substance, produced by a gland and released directly in the bloodstream, which alters the activity of specific target organs

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27
Q

Target organs

A

The organ where they are affected by a specific hormone

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28
Q

Where are hormones produced?

A

Endocrine glands

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29
Q

Endocrine system

A

Various endocrine glands which release hormones (body’s response to the environment)

30
Q

Give some examples of glands

A
  • Pituitary glands
  • Thyroid
  • Ovaries
  • Testes
  • Pancreas
  • Adrenal gland
31
Q

Pituitary gland

A

The ‘master gland’ because there hormones act on other glands, directing them to release hormones that bring about change. It produces hormones that regulate the body conditions

32
Q

Thyroid

A

Produces thyroxine

33
Q

Ovaries

A

Produces, oestrogen which is involved in the menstrual cycle

34
Q

Testes

A

Produces testosterone which controls puberty and sperm production in males

35
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Produces adrenaline

36
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces insulin which is used to regulate the blood glucose level

37
Q

Differences between nerves and hormones

A

Nerves are fast, act for a very short time and on a very precise area. Hormones are slower, act for a long time, and in a more general way

38
Q

How can blood glucose levels be regulated without insulin and glucagon (not diabetes)?

A
  • Metabolism of cells removes glucose from the blood
  • Vigorous exercises remove much more glucose from the blood
  • Excess glucose can be stored in the liver and in the muscles
39
Q

How does the Pancreas regulate blood glucose level?

A

Releasing hormones such as insulin and glucagon

40
Q

What happens if there is too much glucose?

A
  • Negative impact on osmosis

- Excess glucose turned into glycogen and will be stored

41
Q

What happens of there is too little glucose?

A
  • Organism cannot produce enough energy from respiration

- Stored glycogen will be converted back into glucose

42
Q

What happens when blood glucose levels are too high?

A
  • Insulin secreted by Pancreas
  • Receptors stimulated by the insulin
  • Cells are forced to absorb more glucose
  • Insulin and blood glucose levels stabilize
43
Q

What happens if blood glucose levels are too low?

A
  • Glucagon secreted by pancreas
  • Liver stimulated by glycogen and turns glycogen into glucose
  • Glucose levels stabilize
44
Q

Glucagon

A

Release some of the stored glycogen into the blood

45
Q

Insulin

A

Sends signal to liver, muscles and other cells to store excess glucose

46
Q

Diabetes

A

The condition where it affects the ability to conteol blood glucose level

47
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A
  • Pancreas causes little to no insulin

- Develops during childhood

48
Q

What can help patients with type 1 diabetes (note that there is no cure)?

A
  • Insulin therapy (depends on the fitness level of the person)
  • Limited diet
  • Exercise
49
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A
  • A person becomes resistant to their own insulin (the pancreas still produces insulin)
  • Usually develops later in life
  • Overweight is also a factor
50
Q

Type 2 diabetes causes

A
  • Obesity
  • Lack of exercise
  • Unhealthy diet
51
Q

How to control type 2 diabetes?

A
  • Eating a carbohydrate-controlled diet
  • Getting regular exercise
  • Injecting insulin not good because its ineffective
52
Q

Puberty

A
  • Body starts releasing sex hormones that trigger off secondary sexual characteristics
53
Q

Puberty in men (hormones)

A
  • Testes produces testosterone which stimulates sperm production
  • Underarm, facial and pubic hair grow
  • Voice deepens
54
Q

Puberty in woman (hormones)

A
  • Ovaries produce oestrogen
  • Starts menstrual cycle
  • Breasts enlarge
  • Underarm and pubic hair grow
55
Q

(Stage 1) Day 1 menstruation cycle

A
  • Menstruation starts

- Uterus lining breaks down for about 4 days

56
Q

(Stage 2) Day 4 menstruation cycle

A
  • Uterus lining builds up again
  • From day 4 to 14, uterus lining builds up into a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels, ready to receive a fertilised egg
57
Q

(Stage 3) Day 14 menstruation

A
  • Ovulation happens
58
Q

(Stage 4) Day 28 menstruation cycle

A
  • Wall is maintained for about 14 days until day 28
  • If no fertilised egg has landed on the uterus wall by day 28, the spongy lining starts to break down and the whole cycle starts again
59
Q

Ovulation

A

An egg develops and is released

60
Q

What are the 4 hormones which control the menstruation cycle?

A

FSH, Oestrogen, LH, Progesterone

61
Q
  1. FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) 1-4
A
  • Produced in the pituitary gland
  • Causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries
  • Stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen
  • Lining breaks down and results in ‘period’
62
Q
  1. Oestrogen 4-14
A
  • Produced in the ovaries
  • Causes the lining of the uterus to grow
  • Stimulates the release of LH (which causes the release of an egg) and inhibits the release of FSH
63
Q
  1. LH (Luteinising Hormone) 14
A
  • Produced by the pituitary gland

- Stimulates the release of an egg at day 14 (ovulation)

64
Q
  1. Progesterone 15-28
A
  • Produced in the ovaries by the remains of the follicle after ovulation
  • Maintains the lining of the uterus during the second half of the cycle. When the level of progesterone falls, the lining breaks down.
  • Inhibits the release of LH and FSH
65
Q

Fight or Flight

A

Adrenaline is used to prepare the body to move and think quickly in response to danger

66
Q

Adrenaline

A
  • Prepares the body for a ‘fight or flight’ response
  • Enlarges air passages of lungs and alters metabolism order to boost delivery of oxygen and glucose to the brain and muscles
  • Adrenaline increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates eye pupils
67
Q

Thyroxine

A

Involved in regulating things like the basal rate of metabolism, heart rate and temperature. It is also responsible for regulating the growth and brain development of young animals

68
Q

Fertility drugs

A
  • Drugs that contain a mixture of FSH and LH

- Can cause n egg to be released in the ovaries

69
Q

IVF (In-vitro fertilisation)

A
  • FSH and LH given to stimulate lots of growth of eggs
  • Collected before being fertilised in a petri dish with sperm from father
  • Grow into embryos and are implanted into woman’s uterus
70
Q

Why might a woman be infertile?

A

Not enough FSH

지시엣이 Biology (7 decks)

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