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지시엣이 Biology > B1 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are all living things made out of?

A

Cells

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2
Q

What are animal cells made out of?

A

Eukaryotic and animal cells

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3
Q

What are Prokaryotic cells?

A

Smaller and simpler cells

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4
Q

What are eukaryotes?

A

Organisms made up of eukaryotic cells

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5
Q

What is a prokaryte?

A

Prokaryotic cell (single-celled organism)

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6
Q

Animal cell structure (subcellular structures)

A 
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribsomes
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7
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell

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8
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Gel like substance where chemical reactions happen. Contains enzymes that control chemical reactions

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9
Q

Cell membrane

A

Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

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10
Q

Mitochondria

A

Most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place. Respiration transferes energy that the cells need to work

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11
Q

Ribsomes

A

Where proteins are made in the cell

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12
Q

Plant cell structure

A

Rigid cell wall
Permanent vacuole
Chloroplasts

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13
Q

Rigid wall cell

A

Made of cellulose. It supports the cell and stregnthens it

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14
Q

Permanet vacuole

A

Contains sell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts which helps keep the cell turgid

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15
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • Where photosynthesis occurs.

- Contains chlorophyll which makes the plant green and absorbs light for photosynthesis.

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16
Q

What are the differences in size between bacterial cells and plant/animal cells?

A

Bacterial cells are smaller

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17
Q

Bacteria cell structure

A

They are prokaryotes

  • cell membrane
  • cell wall
  • cytoplasm
  • plasmids
  • singular strand of DNA which floats freely
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18
Q

Do bacteria have nucleui?

A

No

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19
Q

What does Bacteria use to represent itself

A

A single strand of DNA that floats freely in cytoplasm

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20
Q

Plasmids

A

Small rings of DNA

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21
Q

Microscopes (nos)

A

Powerful microscopy techniques to see things that you can’t see with the naked eye

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22
Q

How do light microscopes work? (Nos)

A

Use light and lenses to form an image of the specimen and magnify it

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23
Q

How do electron microscope work? (Nos)

A

Use electrons instead of light to form an image

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24
Q

Resolution (nos)

A

The ability to distinguish between 2 points

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25
Q

Magnification = (nos)

A

Image size/ real size

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26
Q

Why are microscopes useful? (Nos)

A

You can see things that you can’t see with the naked eye

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27
Q

How should you prepare your slide for a light microscope? (Onion cell) (nos)

A

1) Add a drop of water in the middle of the clean slide
2) Cut up an onion amd seperate it out from the layers
3) Place tissue onto the slide
4) Add a drop of iodine solution
5) Place a cover slip (tilt and lower it to avoid air bubbles)

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28
Q

Parts of a light microscope (nos)

A
  • Eyepiece
  • Coarse adjustment knob
  • Fine adjustment knob
  • Lenses
  • Stage
  • Light
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29
Q

How to use a light microscope (nos)

A

1) clip slide
2) adjust the knobs
3) look down eypiece
4) adjust accordingly

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30
Q

Differentiation

A

The process by which a cell changes to specilaised its job

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31
Q

What happens when cells change during differentiation?

A

Thy develop subcellular structures and turn into different types of cells which allows them to carry out specific functions

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32
Q

Why do cells differentiate in matue animals?

A

Repair and replace cells

33
Q

Difference between animal and plant differentiation

A

Animal cells lose the ability to differentiate, however, plant cells do not lose this ability

34
Q

Give some examples of specialised cells

A
  • Sperm
  • Nerve
  • Muscle
  • Root
  • Phloem
  • Xylem
35
Q

Sperm cells

A 
Get male DNA to the female DNA
Has a long tail
Streamlined head
Lots of mitochondria
Enzymes to digest through egg membranes
36
Q

Nerve cells

A
  • Carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another
  • Long
  • Branched connections at the ends to connect to other nerve cells
  • Form a network
  • Axons
  • Dendrites
  • Myelin sheath for insulation
37
Q

Muscle cell adaptations

A
  • Contract quickly
  • Long
  • Contain lots of mitochondria (to transfer energy needed for contractions)
  • Can store glycogen
  • Special proteins that slide over each other making the fibres contract
38
Q

Root Hair Cells

A

Big surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions

39
Q

Phloem and Xylem cells

A

Transport substances such as food and water around plants
Form long tubes
Gollow
Very few subcellular structures

40
Q

How is genetic material stored?

A

Form of chromosones

41
Q

What are chromosones?

A

Coiled up lengths of DNA molecules

42
Q

What do chromosones carry?

A

Large number of genes

43
Q

What do genes control?

A

The development of different characteristics

44
Q

Why does the body store 2 copies of each chromosome?

A

So it can store one from the organism’s ‘mother’ and ‘father’

45
Q

How many chromosomes do you have in total in one cell?

A

46 (23 pairs)

46
Q

Cell cycle

A

Body cells in multicellular organisms divide to produce new cells

47
Q

Mitosis

A

The cell divides into 2 identical cells with the same number of chromosomes

48
Q

Mitosis allows …

A

Growing and replacing cells that have been damaged

49
Q

2 main stages of cell cycle

A

Growth and DNA Replication

Mitosis

50
Q

Stages of Growth and DNA replication

A

1) DNA spread out into long strips
2) Cell has to grow and increase amount of subcellular structures (elements of a cell)
3) Duplicates DNA - each arm of the chromosome is copied and forms x shaped chromosones

51
Q

Stages of mitosis

A

1) Chromosones line up st the centre of the cell and cell fibres pull them apart
2) Membranes go around each set of chromosomse and become 2 new nuclei
6) They cytoplasm and cell membrane divide

52
Q

What can embryonic cells do?

A

It can turn into any cell

53
Q

Stem cells

A

They can divide to turn into many different undifferentiated cells

54
Q

Where can you find stem cells?

A

Baby embryo

Bone marrow

55
Q

Why are some people against stem cell reserch?

A

Because they can become infected with a virus which could be passedd on to the patient and make them sick
Human embryos shouldn’t be used for experiments

56
Q

How can stem cells be ussed in plants?

A

Stem cells are found in meristerms and they can grow into any type of plant cell
They can be used to grow rare species of plants and for disease resistance
Quick and Cheap

57
Q

Diffusion (nos)

A

The spreading out of particles from a high concentration to a lower concentration

58
Q

What substances can diffusion be diffused? (Nos)

A

Solutions and gases

59
Q

What factors can give a faster diffusion rate? (Nos)

A

Biggr concentratin gradient

Higher temperature

60
Q

What do cell membranes do that can relate to diffusion? (Nos)

A

The particles move randomly but if there are more particles on one side of the membrane, theres a net movement from one side to another

61
Q

How can you increase the diffusion rate in cell membranes? (Nos)

A

Larger membrane surface area

62
Q

Why do organisms use diffusion? (Nos)

A

To get rid of waste products

63
Q

How do humans use diffusion to get rid off waste products? (Nos)

A

Gas exchange

Urea diffuses from cells into blood plasma

64
Q

What does surface to volume area show?

A

How easy it is to exchange substances with its environment

65
Q

How do you calculate volume to surface area ratio?

A

Surface Area : Volume

66
Q

Why can gases easily diffuse across the cell membrane in single-celled organisms?

A

They have a large surface area compared to their volume

67
Q

Why is it hard for multicellular organisms to diffuse substances?

A

Have a small surface area in ratio to their volume

68
Q

Give some ways that exchange surfaces are adapted to maximise effectiveness

A

Thin membrane
Large surface area
Lots of blood vessels
Gas exchange surface areas

69
Q

Give some adaptations in alveoli that help with gas exchange diffusion

A 
Lots of air sacs called alveoli
Enormous surface area
Moist lining
Very thin walls
A good blood supply
70
Q

Give some adaptations in the small intestine to maximise diffusion

A

Single layer of surface cells
Very good bloody supply to assist quick absorption
Villi

71
Q

How are leaves adapted to diffuse efficiently?

A

Water vapour and oxygen diffuse out through the stomata
Guard cells close the stomata if the water is being lost faster than it is being replaced by the roots
The walls of the cells form another exchange surface
The air spaces inside the leaf increase the surface area

72
Q

Osmosis

A

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of a lower water concentration (dilute solution) to a region of higher water concentration (concentrated)

73
Q

Partially permeable membrane

A

A membrane with very small membranes in it meaning only small tiny molecules can pass through them

74
Q

Why does a cell transfer water out of it into syrup?

A

Because the cell has a higher water concentration causing water to move through a partially permutable membrane (osmosis) into the lower concentrated solution. This means the more strong sugar solution becomes more dilute

75
Q

Give some root hair cells adaptions

A

Loads of them which allow a large surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil. The concentration of minerals is usually higher in the root hair cells than in the soil around them

76
Q

Why do root hair cells not use diffusion?

A

Minerals should move out of the root hairs if they followed the rules of diffusion. The cells must use another method to draw them in

77
Q

What is active transport?

A

The process in which allows the plant to absorb minerals from a very dilute solution, against a concentration gradient. But active transport needs energy from respiration to work

78
Q

Does active transport work in humans?

A

Yes

79
Q

Where is active transport used in the human body?

A

In the gut but a higher concentration of nutrients in the blood

지시엣이 Biology (7 decks)

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