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지시엣이 Biology > B3 - Infection and Response > Flashcards

B3 - Infection and Response Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogens

A

Microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

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2
Q

What do pathogens cause?

A

Communicable diseases (they can spread around easily)

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3
Q

Can both plants and animals be affected by pathogens?

A

Yes

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4
Q

Give 4 different types of pathogens

A

Bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi

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5
Q

Bacteria

A

Very small cells (1/00th the size of your body cells) which can produce rapidly inside your body
They make you fell ill by producing toxins that damage your cells and tissues

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6
Q

Viruses

A

Extremely small (1/100th the size of a bacterium)
They can reproduce rapidly inside your body
They have to live inside a living organism to replicate themselves using the cells’ machinery to produce many copies of themselves. Then it bursts and releases new viruses. Cell damage makes you feel ill

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7
Q

Protists

A

All protists are called eukaryotes and most of them a re single-celled
Some protists are parasites which live on or inside other organisms which can cause them damage

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8
Q

Fungi

A

Some fungi are single-celled and others have a body which is made up of hyphae. These hyphae can grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of the plant, causing diseases. The hyphae can produce spores which can be spread to other plants and animals

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9
Q

Give some ways pathogens can be spread

A

Water
Air
Direct Contact

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10
Q

Give the 3 viral diseases

A

Measles
HIV
Tobacco

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11
Q

How are measles spread?

A

Droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough

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12
Q

Symptoms of measles

A

Red skin rash and show signs of a fever

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13
Q

Why can measles be very serious

A

If their are complications e.g. pneumonia and encephalitis

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14
Q

How can measles be prevented?

A

When most people are young, they are vaccinated against it

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15
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Sexual contact or exchanging bodily fluids e.g. share needles

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16
Q

HIV symptoms

A

HIV initially causes flu-like systems for a week

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17
Q

How can HIV be controlled?

A

Antiretrovial drugs which can stop the virus replicating in the body

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18
Q

What does the HIV virus do?

A

It attacks the immune cells

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19
Q

What is late stage HIV infection or AIDS?

A

When the body’s immune system is badly damaged and it can’t cope with other infections or cancers

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20
Q

TMV symptoms on plants

A

Causes a mosaic pattern on the leaves of the plants

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21
Q

What does TMV do?

A

Affects the growth of the plant as they plant cannot carry out photosynthesis

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22
Q

Give an example of a fungal disease

A

Rose black spot

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23
Q

Rose black spot symptoms on plants

A

Purple or black spots which can turn yellow and drop off

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24
Q

How is rose black spot spread?

A

Water or the wind

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25
Q

How can plants be treated from rose black spot?

A

Fungicides and by stripping the plant of its affected leaves

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26
Q

Give an example of a protists disease

A

Malaria

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27
Q

How is malaria transported?

A

Through a mosquito (vector) in which they feed on an infected animal and feeds on an uninfected animal

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28
Q

How does malaria get from the mosquito to the organism?

A

It infects it by inserting the protists into the animal’s blood vessel

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29
Q

Malaria symptoms

A

Repeating episodes of fever

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30
Q

How can you stop the spread of malaria?

A

Stopping mosquitoes from breeding and from using insecticides and mosquito nets

31
Q

Give 2 examples of bacterial diseases

A

Salmonella and Gonorrhoea

32
Q

Salmonella

A

A type of bacteria that causes food poisoning

33
Q

Salmonella symptoms

A

Fever, stomach cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea

34
Q

What causes salmonella symptoms

A

Toxins

35
Q

How is salmonella caught?

A

From eating food that has been contaminated with Salmonella or unhygienic conditions

36
Q

How can you prevent salmonella?

A

Chickens and turkeys are given vaccinations against Salmonella

37
Q

Gonorrhoea

A

STD (bacteria)

38
Q

How are STDs passed on?

A

Through sexual contact

39
Q

Gonorrhoea symptoms

A

Pain when they urinate or yellow/green discharge from the vagina or penis

40
Q

What was gonorrhoea originally treated with?

A

An antibiotic called penicillin but this has become trickier now because strains of the bacteria have become resistant to it

41
Q

How can you prevent the spread of gonorrhea

A

Antibiotics and barrier methods of contraception such as condoms

42
Q

Give some general ways that you can prevent the spread of disease

A

Being hygienic
Destroying vectors
Isolating infected individuals
Vaccination

43
Q

Give some physical defensive features your body has

A
  • Skin acts as a barrier to pathogens
  • Hairs and mucus in your throats to trap particles that could contain pathogens
  • trachea and bronchi are lined with cilia which waft the mucus up to the back of the throat where it can be swallowed
  • stomach produces hydrochloric acid which kills pathogens that make it that far from the mouth
44
Q

How does you immune system attack pathogens?

A

White blood cells patrol for microbes and they have 3 lines for attack

45
Q

Give the steps white blood cells take to attack pathogens

A

1) phagocytosis
2) produce antibodies
3) produce antitoxins

46
Q

Phagocytosis

A

White blood cells engulf foreign cells and digest them

47
Q

Producing antibodies

A

1) Every pathogen has unique molecules called antigens on its surface
2) When some types of white blood cells come across a foreign antigen, they will start to produce antibodies (proteins) to lock onto the invading cells so that they can be found and destroyed by other white cells. The antibodies produced are specific to that antigen and won’t lock onto any others
3) Antibodies are produced rapidly and carried around the body
4) If the person is infected by the same pathogen again. white blood cells will rapidly produce the antibodies to kill it

48
Q

Producing antitoxins

A

These counteract toxins produced by invading bacteria

49
Q

Vaccinations

A

They work by injecting small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens which carry antigens which causes your body to produce antibodies to attack them even though the pathogen is harmless

50
Q

Once a person has been vaccinated, how does that prevent the real disease?

A

White blood cells can rapidly mass-produce antibodies to kill of the pathogen

51
Q

Pros for vaccination

A
  • Vaccines have helped control lots of communicable diseases

- Big outbreaks of disease if a large percentage of the population is vaccinated (herd immunity

52
Q

Cons of vaccination

A
  • Vaccines don’t always work/they sometimes don’t give you immunity
  • You can sometimes have a bad reaction to a vaccine. But bad reactions are very rare
53
Q

Painkillers

A

Drugs that relieve pain. However they don’t actually tackle the cause of the disease or kill pathogens, they just help reduce the symptoms.

54
Q

Antibiotics

A

They kill the bacteria causing the problem without killing your own body cells

55
Q

Give examples of a painkiller

A

Aspirin

56
Q

Give an example of an antibiotic

A

Penicillin

57
Q

Why can antibiotics sometimes not work?

A

Because bacteria can mutate causing them to be resistant

58
Q

What is the process of bacteria becoming anti-biotic resistant

A

Bacteria that survive the antibiotic will survive and reproduce and the population of the resistant strain will increase (natural selection)

59
Q

How can you slow down the rate of antibiotic resistance?

A

Avoid over-prescribing antibiotics and only for something more serious

60
Q

Why is it important to finish the whole course of antibiotics?

A

To prevent the rate of antibiotic resistance

61
Q

Where do many drugs come from?

A

plants because they produce a variety of chemicals to defend themselves against pests and pathogens

62
Q

Aspirin

A

Used as a pain killer to lower fever which was found in willow

63
Q

Digitalis

A

Used to treat heat conditions which was found in foxgloves

64
Q

How did Alexander Fleming discover antibiotics?

A

He was clearing out some Petri dishes containing bacteria, and noticed that one of the dishes of bacteria also had mould on it and the area around the mould was free of the bacteria
mould - (penicillium notatum)
penicillin - the substance that killed the bacteria

65
Q

What are the 3 main stages of drug testing?

A 
Preclinical testing (on tissue)
Preclinical testing (on live animals)
Clinical trials
66
Q

What happens during the first step of drug testing?

A

1) Drugs are tested on human cells and tissue
2) You can’t use human cells and tissues to test drugs that affect whole or multiple body systems because of an intact circulatory system

67
Q

What happens during the second step of drug testing?

A

1) Test the drugs on live animals, this is used to test efficacy, toxicity and dosage
2) New drugs must be tested on 2 live mammals. Some people it’s cruel to test on animals, but others believe this is the safest way to make sure a drug isn’t dangerous before it’s given to humans

68
Q

Efficacy

A

Whether the drugs works and produces the effect you’re looking for

69
Q

Toxicity

A

How harmful it is

70
Q

Dosage

A

The concentration that should be given, and how often it should be given

71
Q

What happens during the third step of drug testing?

A

1) If the drug passes the tests on animals, it’s tested on human volunteers in a clinical trial
2) First it is tested on healthy volunteers to prevent that it doesn’t have any harmful side effects and dosage increases
3) If the tests on healthy people succeeded, drugs can be tested on people suffering from the illness and the optimum dose is found
4) To test how well the drug works, patients are randomly put into 2 groups. One is given the new drug , and the other is given a placebo. This is so the doctor can see the difference the drug makes - it allows the placebo effect
5) Clinical trials are blind and the patient doesn’t know what they are getting. It is double-blind because the doctor doesn’t know until all results are gathered. This prevents the doctors getting influenced by their knowledge
6) Peer reviewed

72
Q

Placebo

A

A substance that’s like the drug being used tested but doesn’t do anything

73
Q

Placebo effect

A

When the patient expects the treatment to work and so feels better, even though the treatment isn’t doing anything

지시엣이 Biology (7 decks)

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