B5(communicable Diseases)

Question 1

What are the type of plant defences

Answer 1

-Physical
-Chemical
-Mechanical

Question 2

What are the physical defences in plants

Answer 2

-cellulose cell walls—> to strength plant cells and to help resist microorganism invaders
-Tough waxy cuticle—>barrier to pathogens
-Bark on trees—>layer of dead cells—>protective layer
-Leaf fall—> trees lose their leaves in autumn—> infected leaves fall off

Question 3

What are the 2 mineral deficiencies in plants

Answer 3

Magnesium and nitrate

Question 4

What does the nitrate deficiency affect in plants

Answer 4

The production of amino acids for protein synthesis which limits growth in the plant

Question 5

What are the Chemical defences in plants

Answer 5

-Antibacterial chemicals
-poisons to deter herbivores

Question 6

What are the mechanical defences in plants

Answer 6

-thorns
-hairy stems
-leaves that or droop or curl when touched
-mimicry to trick animals

Question 7

What does the magnesium deficiency affect in plants

Answer 7

The production of chlorophyll which limits photosynthesis

Question 8

What are the common plant diseases

Answer 8

-TMV(tobacco mosaic virus)
-Rose black spot(fungal disease)
-Aphids as pests
-Mineral deficiencies

Question 9

What is a pathogen

Answer 9

Disease causing microorganism

Question 10

What is an antigen

Answer 10

Substance that causes an immune response

Question 11

What is a antibody

Answer 11

Protein produced by white blood cells that attaches to the antigens on pathogens and destroys the pathogens

Question 12

What do viruses do in the body

Answer 12

Disrupt chemical processes like cell wall production

Question 13

What does bacteria do in the body

Answer 13

Produce toxins that make you feel ill

Question 14

How can pathogens spread

Answer 14

Direct contact, air, water

Question 15

What are the human defence responses

Answer 15

-Skin
-Respiratory and digestive system
-Immune system

Question 16

How does skin protect us from pathogens

Answer 16

Produces antimicrobial secretions to destroy pathogens

Question 17

How does the respiratory and digestive system protect us from pathogens

Answer 17

-Nose hairs, trachea and bronchi produce mucus which traps particles in the air that may contain pathogens
-Stomach produces hydrochloric acid which destroys the microorganisms in the mucus and foods you swallow

Question 18

What are phagocytes

Answer 18

A type of white blood cell which ingests pathogens

Question 19

What are Lymphocytes

Answer 19

-Another type of white blood cell which recognises antigens on pathogens and produces antibodies and antitoxins
-The antibodies produced cause pathogens to stick together to make it easier for the phagocytes to engulf them

Question 20

How does the immune system protect us from pathogens

Answer 20

-Lymphocytes recognise antigens on the pathogens and detect that these are foreign and produce antibodies,the antibodies cause pathogens to stick together and make it easier for phagocytes to engulf them
-Lymphocytes can also produce antitoxins to neutralise the toxins produced from pathogens
-Memory B cells are created and produce a quick response if the antigen is encountered again