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B5,6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is health

A

A state of physical and mental well-being

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2
Q

What are examples of communicable and non communicable diseases

A

Communicable- viruses, bacteria, fungi (microorganisms)
Non communicable- strokes, cancer, heart disease

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3
Q

What did people think caused the plague

A

Poisoned well, gods punishment, looking at people

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4
Q

Who is it as Semmelweis

A

Discovered the importance of hand washing with chlorine, after nurses where dealing with dad bodies and then helping assist childbirth

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5
Q

Who is Joseph lister

A

He realised that using the antiseptic carboxylic acid reduced infections after using it as a dressing

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6
Q

Who is Louis Pasteur

A

Germ theory

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7
Q

How are communicable diseases prevented

A

Controlling vectors
Maintaining hygiene
Hand washing
Isolation
Vaccines
Being careful with raw meat
Caughing or sneezing contained
Disinfectants

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8
Q

How do Bactria reproduce

A

Dividing rapidly by binary fusion

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9
Q

How do measles spread

A

Air borne
Breathing droplets from coughs or sneezes

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10
Q

How do viruses reproduce

A

By having a host and taking over the whole cell

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11
Q

What are the symptoms of measles

A

Fever
Red skin, rash
Can lead to blindness or deafness

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12
Q

Ways to reduce spread of measles

A

MMR vaccine
Isolation

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13
Q

How does HIV/AIDS spread

A

Direct sexual contact
Exchange if bodily fluids like blood

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14
Q

What are HIV/AIDS symptoms

A

Flu like symptoms to begin with and then will live in your immune system for years and can be unrecognised

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15
Q

Ways to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS

A

Condoms
Not sharing needles
Bottle feed

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16
Q

How does the TMV (tobacco mosaic virus) spread

A

Contact between infected and uninflected plants
Insects can act as vectors

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of TMV

A

A distinct mosaic pattern of discolouration on leaves
Effects of growth on the plant
Plants do not photosynthesise

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18
Q

Ways to reduce the spread of TMV

A

Good field hygiene
Good pest control
Using TMV resistant strains of crop plants

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19
Q

How does salmonella spread

A

Eating uncooked food
Eating food prepared in unhygienic places/places where food has been contained with raw meat

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20
Q

Symptoms of salmonella

A

In 8-72 hours of eating infected food =
Fever
Vomiting
Dioreeah
Can be fatal for children or the elderly

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21
Q

Ways to reduce the spread of salmonella

A

Vaccine
Keep raw meets away from other food
Avoid washing raw meat - it will splash
Wash hands and cook with hygiene

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22
Q

How does gonorrhoea spread

A

Unprotected sexual contact with an infected person

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23
Q

Symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

Thick yellow discharge from vagina or penis
Pain whist urinating
Pelvic pain
Ectopic pregnancy
Infertility

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24
Q

Ways to reduce the spread of gonorrhoea

A

Condoms
Treating infected partners

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25
Similarities between salmonella and gonorrhoea
Both are bacterial and can be treated
26
Why do people die from viral diseases than from bacterial diseases
Virus reproduce from infecting the whole cell so makes it hard to treat Antibiotics do not kill viruses
27
What are the non specific body defence mechanisms
Skin Nose Trachea and bronchi Stomach
28
How does the skin prevent pathogens from entering
Platelets forming scabs Antimicrobial secretions destroy pathogenic becteria
29
How does the nose prevent pathogens from entering
Full of hairs and mucus that trap particles in the air that may contain pathogens or that can irritate the lungs Air pollution=black mucus
30
How does trachea and bronchi prevent pathogens from entering
Secrete mucus that traps pathogens Cillia Cillia wafts mucus back up to the throat where it is swallowed
31
How does the stomach prevent pathogens from entering
Acid that destroys the microorganisms in the mucus you swallow and pathogens you take in through your mouth in your food and drink
32
What do goblet cells do
Secrete mucus
33
what is a protist
eukaryotes (multicellular). Some are parasites which live on or inside other organisms, often carried by a vector.
34
what is fungus
sometimes single celled, others have what that grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants. They can produce spores which can spread to other plants.
35
is malaria protist or fungal
protist
36
How to prevent malaria from harming the host
-prevent vectors from breeding -remove dirty water -wear long sleeves or nets
37
What are the symptoms of malaria and how does it effect someone
S= fever, sweats, chills, vomiting E=plasmodiam enters the liver cells where it multiplies in the blood.
38
Is rose black spot funal or protist
fungal
39
how to prevent rose black spot from harming the host
-treatment using fungicides -removing infected leaves
40
What are the symptoms of rose black spot and how does it effect the growth of the plant
S=black/yellow spots on leaves E=stops photosynthesis- reduce growth
41
is athletes foot fungal or protist
fungal
42
How to prevent athletes foot from harming the host
-keep foot clean and dry -dont share towles -medication
43
What are the symptoms of athletes foot and how does it effect someone
S=rash, red, dry, blistered, E=fungi called dermarophyles feed off dead skin.
44
what are the natural body defence mechanisms
skin stomach trachea and bronchi nose
45
what are the immune systems defence mechanisms
white blood cells that contain: -Antitoxin production -antibody production -phagocytes
46
what can plant diseases be caused by?
mineral deficiency pathogens pests
47
what are the 4 different causes of plant disease
nematode worms insects mineral deficiency-nitrate ions causes stunted growth mineral deficiency-magnesium ions causes yellowing leaves
48
how do you detect plant disease
reference to gardening manuels take sample of infected plant to send to a lab like dna kits
49
how do you treat plant diseases
pesticides anti fungals missing minerals replaced with fertilisers
50
what is a communicable diseases in a plant
rose black spot
51
what is a non communicable disease in plants
mineral deficiency
52
what cab aphids do to a plant
cause stunted growth pass on communicable diseases can penetrate the phloem and drink sugar rich fluids
53
what are 3 physical barriers of plant defences
tough waxy cuticle on surface of leaves bark on trees leaf fall
54
what are 3 chemical barriers of a plant defence
poisons antibacterial secretions anti fungal secretions
55
what are 3 mechanical plant defences
leaves curl when touched thorns
56
what are non specific and specific plant defences
non specific=barriers- tree bark specific=directly targets pathogens-antibacterials
57
what is an antigen
foreign protiens on the surface of a cell
58
who invented the vaccine
edward jenner
59
what is inside a vaccine
weak or dead antigens of a pathogen
60
what are bacterial conditions you can be vaccinated against
tetanus diphtheria whooping cough
61
what are viral conditions you can he vaccinated against
covid HPV flu
62
how does a vaccine work
-small amount of dead or inactive pathogen is intoduced -this stimulates the white blood cells to produce the antibodies needed to fight the pathogen and prevent you from getting ill -then if you meet the same live pathogen your white blood cells will respond rapidly.
63
what is heard immunity
it is when a whole community has been vaccinated and is protected/spread of disease is contained
64
which plant did aspirin come from
willow tree
65
where does herion come from
poppie’s
66
where does heart drugs like digitals come from
fox gloves
67
where does penicillin (fleming) come from
mould
68
how do bacteriostatic antibodies work
-slow the growth of bacteria by interfering with the processes they need to multiply
69
how do bactericides anibodies work
kill the bacteria by preventing the bacteria from making a cell wall
70
how did fleming discover penicillin
-when he came back from holiday he found mold growing in his petri dish that he was growing bacteria in -he noticed there was a ring around the mold where bacteria was not growing
71
what are the eight stages of testing drugs
preclinical stages: -scientists identify drug targets for a disease -drug discovery -test the drug on animals for efficacy, toxicity and dose Clinical trials tested in humans: 1-trails on up to 50 healthy volunteers, perform double blind or placebo 2-successful drug is tested on small group of affected people 3-successful drug is tested on large population of affected people to see how well it works 4- can be prescribed by docters after licensing
72
what is the placebo and why is it useful
placebo-when 2 groups of people who are getting vaccinated and 1/2 group gets a placebo (drug that looks the same) useful-docters can clearly see the how effective it is.
73
what is double blind and why is it useful
the nurse assigning the drug also doesn’t know who has the placebo removed bias when looking at data
74
what is a monoclonal antibody
bond to the same epitope/antigen
75
what are the 5 stages of monoclonal antibodies
1- a tumour cell is combined with a lymphocyte 2-a hybridoma cell is made 3-hybridoma cell is cloned 4-cloned cells make a specific antibody 5-monoclonal antibody are collected and purified
76
what are 2 uses of monoclonal antibodies
pregnancy tests cancer killing treatment
77
required practical-preventing bacterial growth
-we used detol, TCP, amoxicillin -soack the filter paper into those 3 antiseptics -basically just spread the bacteria around with an inoculating hoop to create a lawn of bacteria and put your 3 antiseptics on the 3 different sections -incubate at 30’C for 48hours -don’t create anaerobic conditions -put equipment in an autoclave to kill any bacteria -sterilize equipment using bunson burner -work aceptically
78
what is the zone of inhibition
is the area around the antiseptic that didn’t produce any bacteria a large zone =more effective
79
calculation of bacterial growth
bacteria at the end of the growth period= bacteria at the beginning x 2 to the power of the number of divisions
80
what is the hormone being detected by a pregnancy test
HCG
81
advantages of monoclonal antibody’s
only bind to specific diseases or damaged cells healthy cells aren’t effected used to treat a wide range of diseases
82
disadvantages of monoclonal antibody’s
expensive initially created more side effects than expected in experimental phases
83
what is causal mechanism
something explains how one factor influences another
84
what is correlation
an apparent link or relationship between 2 factors
85
what is the difference between painkillers and antibiotics
Painkillers (asprin) soothe the symptoms of a disease and antibiotics( penicillin) work on treating the cause of disease
86
What happened in 1998 involving the MMR vacciene
A medical study suggested that there was a link between the MMR vaccine and autism.

biology (8 decks)

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