B5

Question 1

communicable

Answer 1

spread
viruses bacteria parasites fungi

Question 2

uncommunicable

Answer 2

cant be spread
eg asthma

Question 3

cholera

Answer 3

bacterium
diarrhoea
contaminated water
clean water

Question 4

tuberculosis

Answer 4

bacterium
coughing+lung damage
thru air when others cough
avoid crowds,good hygene,sleep alone,well ventilated homes

Question 5

maleria

Answer 5

protist
damage to red blood cells+sever cases liver
mosquitoes=vectors
mosquitoe net,insect repellent

Question 6

stomach ulcers

Answer 6

bacterium
stomach pain,nausea,vomiting
oral transmission
clean water,hygene living conditions

Question 7

ebola

Answer 7

ebola virus
haemorrhagic fever
via body fluids
isolating infected ppl,sterilising

Question 8

chalara ash deback
ash tree

Answer 8

fungus
leaf loss,bark lesions
carried thru air by wind
removing infected trees,not moving ash trees

Question 9

host cells

Answer 9

living cells viruses effect

Question 10

lytic pathway

Answer 10

1.virus attaches itself to specific host cell+injegts its genetic material into them
2.uses protien+enzymes in host cell to replicate its genetic material+produce compinents of new virus
3.viral components assemble
4.host cell splits open->releasing new viruses->infects more cells

Question 11

lysogenic pathway

Answer 11

1.infected genetic material incorporated into host genome(dna)
2.viral genetic material gets replicated along with host dna everytime host cell divides->but virus dormant so no new viruses made
3.trigger causes viral genetic material to leave the genome+enter lythuc pathway

Question 12

stis

Answer 12

infevtions that spread thru sexual contact including sexual intercoyrse

Question 13

chlamydia

Answer 13

bacterium
only reproduce in a host cell
can result in infertility
reduced by wearing condom,screening individuals,avoiding sexual contact

Question 14

hiv

Answer 14

kills wbc
leads to aids
immune system fails
spread via bodily fluids
prevent by condom,svoid sharing needles,bottle feeding,screening,proper treatemnt

Question 15

where can plants catch diseases from

Answer 15

1.micro organisms eg fungi
2.larger organisms eg insects
3.deficiency diseases->nitrates,magnesium ions

Question 16

nitrate deficiency

Answer 16

lack of protiens
reduced growth

Question 17

magnesium ion deficiency

Answer 17

lack of chlorophyll
not enough photosynthesis
yellow leaves

Question 18

some commin symptoms in plang diseases

Answer 18

lumps
decay
discolouration of leaves
malformed stems/leaves

Question 19

how to diagnose plant disease

Answer 19

observations
plant patholgist
plang manyel
trail n error

Question 20

plant physical defences

Answer 20

waxy cuticle
celluose cell walls
layers of dead cells (bark)

Question 21

plang defences chemical

Answer 21

chemicals that plant can secrete
anti microbial->kill fungi+bac
poisons->kill insects

Question 22

plant defences mechanical

Answer 22

thorns/horns->stop animals eating or touching
curling or drooping leaves->if insects land on them

Question 23

physical human barriers

Answer 23

skin->to stop pathogens, if damaged=seal cuts to keep microorganisms out
hairs+mucus in nose->trap pathogens
cillia->waft mucus up the bavk of throat so it can be swalloed

Question 24

chemical human barriers

Answer 24

stomach produces hydrochloric acid->kills pathogens thats seallowed
eyes produzw lysozymes(tears)->kills bacteria on surface of eye

Question 25

immune system n pathogens

Answer 25

1.every payhogen has antigen 2.b lymphocytes produce antibodies when come across an antigen 3.antibodies then produced rapidly + flow all round body to find all similar pathogens

Question 26

memory lymphocytes

Answer 26

produced in response to a foreign antigen remain in body for long time

Question 27

immunisation steps

Answer 27

-injected with dead or inactive pathogens in body -body makes antibodies to destroy them -antigens trigger memory lymphocytes -if same pathogen of same type gets into hody there already be memory lymphocytes that can cause a fast 2ndary immune system response -less likely to get disease

Question 28

immunisation pros

Answer 28

epidemics can be prevented->herd immunity some diseases virtually wiped out

Question 29

immunisation

Answer 29

doesnt always work can have a bad reaction

Question 30

risk factors

Answer 30

smoking bad diet to much alcohol

Question 31

bmi

Answer 31

mass/height squared kg and m

Question 32

waist to hip ratio

Answer 32

waist circumference/hip circumference

Question 33

cholesterol

Answer 33

fatty substance that body needs to maoe things like cell membranes

Question 34

to much cholesterol

Answer 34

fatty deposits to buildup in arteries restricting blood flow

Question 35

what can fatty deposits trugger

Answer 35

blood clots

Question 36

how to precent cardiovasular disease w lifestyle

Answer 36

healthy balances diet->low chloestrol

Question 37

satins

Answer 37

reduced cholestrol in bloodstream negative->aching muscle,liver damage

Question 38

anticoagulants

Answer 38

blood clots less likely to form negative->excessive bleeding if hurt

Question 39

antihypertensives

Answer 39

reduce blood pressure negative->headaches,fainting

Question 40

stents

Answer 40

tubes inserted inside arteries to keep them open make sure blood can pass thru negative:artery go narrow againss they can irritate them n make scar tissue grow taking drugs to stop clotting

Question 41

conary bypass sugar

Answer 41

healthy vessel taken from elseehere if blood is blocked

Question 42

donar heart

Answer 42

negavtive:rejection

Question 43

tissue culture

Answer 43

growing cells on artificial growth medium create lines of clones w beneficial traits

Question 44

tissue culture plants steps

Answer 44

1.chose plant want to clone 2.remove several pieves of tissue 3.grow in growth medium in aseptic 4.as tissue produces shoots n roots move to compost n carry on growth

Question 45

tissue culture animals steps

Answer 45

1.sample tissue want to study 2.spererate cells using enzymes 3.put in culture vessel n bathes in a growth medium containing nuttients that need to grow n multiplu 4.after several cell dicison cells cna be split again 5.store for future use

Question 46

monochlonal antibodies

Answer 46

antibodies from a single clone of cells

Question 47

anitbodies

Answer 47

small protiens released by wbc that helps fight disease ninds to antigens

Question 48

fo monoclonal anyibodies dice quick

Answer 48

no

Question 49

how do u make mca divide quicker

Answer 49

combine them w fast diciding tumour cells and form hybridoma

Question 50

hybrodoma

Answer 50

probides lots of antibodies and divides vv fast

Question 51

pros ab monoclonal antibofies

Answer 51

always bind to one specific thing can make sm bind to anything we want