B5

Question 1

What types of fruit are there?

Answer 1

Dry fruits - dehiscent, indehiscent
Fleshy fruits

Question 2

What are some examples of indehiscent dry fruits?

Answer 2

Achene, nut, caryopsis, samara, schizocarp.

Question 3

What are some examples of dehiscent dry fruits?

Answer 3

Follicle, legume, capsule

Question 4

What are some examples of fleshy fruits?

Answer 4

Drupe, berry, pome

Question 5

What is in the pericarp of fleshy fruit?

Answer 5

Endocarp, mesocarp, exocarp.

Question 6

What is Endozoochory and how does seed dispersal occur?

Answer 6

Endozoochory - animal ingests fruit and seeds. Pericarp may be fleshy or dry, often attractive and inevitably nutritious dispersal occurs because seed is :
A) excreted, seeds have to withstand passage through gut.
B) regurgitated, seed has emetic properties
C) discarded

Question 7

What are animal dispersal agents?

Answer 7

Mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, inveterbrates.

Question 8

What is obligate frugivory?

Answer 8

Specialist frugivory birds in tropics, fruit has large seed which is voided, very nutritious, high quality food for quality dispersal. Not available in abundance. Resource allocation matched with diligent foraging strategy

Question 9

What is facultative frugivory?

Answer 9

Non-specialist, opportunistic. Fruit with many small seeds, carbohydrate rich, eaten by wide variety of non-specialist animals.

Question 10

Endozoochory in temperate regions?

Answer 10

Birds very important they have good sight, colour vision, poor smell. Most frugivory birds are relatively small. Limited in ability to carry fruit. Fruit is attractive, distasteful when immature. Without closed or hard exocarp.

Question 11

What do plant cells consist of?

Answer 11

Cell walls, primary cell wall of cellulose, secondary cell wall of lignin. Cementing layer of pectin and calcium between adjoining cells is called middle lamella. Plasmodesmata allow connection between adjoining cells.

Question 12

What do plasmodesmata do?

Answer 12

Allow for connection between adjacent plant cells

Question 13

What do plants cells also contain?

Answer 13

Large vacuole which is bound by a vacuolar membrane called the tonoplast.

Question 14

What are meristems and what do they do?

Answer 14

Plant growth and development results from the activity of meristems. Meristem tissue is perpetually young and generates new cells and tissues by mitotic cell division. New cells differentiate and form specific tissues with specific functions. There are various types of meristems ; apical meristems, primary meristems, intercalary meristems, cambium, phellogen (cork cambium). Since plants have meristems, their growth is indeterminate.

Question 15

What are apical meristems?

Answer 15

The shoot apical meristems and the root apical meristems are found at the tips of all stems and roots that undergo extension growth. An apical meristems is a group of cells composed of initials and their derivatives. When an initial cell divides, one cell remains a meristematic cell while the sister cell becomes a derivative or body cell.

Question 16

What does apical meristem form?

Answer 16

Primary tissue

Question 17

What does protoderm form?

Answer 17

Epidermis

Question 18

What does ground meristem form?

Answer 18

Ground tissues (parenchymam collenchyma, sclerenchyma)

Question 19

What does procambium form?

Answer 19

Primary xylem and phloem

Question 20

Ground tissues - what is the parenchyma?

Answer 20

Found in the cortex, pith, mesophyll and in vascular rays. Involved in photosynthesis, storage, secretion. Alice at maturity and do not usually have thickened walls.

Question 21

Ground tissues - what is the collenchyma?

Answer 21

Living protoplast at maturity, unevenly thickened primary cell wall. Great plasticity and ideal strengthening tissue for growing organs

Question 22

Ground tissues - what is the sclerenchyma?

Answer 22

Primary cell wall of cellulose and secondary cell wall, usually with lignin and thick. Often dead at maturity. Sclerenchyma tissue is elastic, giving strength to mature organs that have stopped growing. Two types, fibres and sclereids. Wood contains lots of fibres which are long and very elastic. Sclereids are short +- isodiametric, in mass give hard protective coats.

Question 23

What is vascular tissue?

Answer 23

Made up of xylem and phloem. Xylem is dead at maturity and responsible for water and mineral transport. Xylem also important in mechanical support. Phloem cells have living protoplast at maturity and are responsible for transport of photosynthetic and other organic compounds. The primary meristem gives rise to primary xylem and primary phloem.

Question 24

vascular tissue - what is the xylem?

Answer 24

Made up of tracheids and vessel elements. Other vascular plants have tracheids but not vessels. Tracheids and vessels are elongated, empty cells with thick, lignified secondary walls. Both have pits in the walls. Vessels also have perforations in their walls in areas called perforation plates. Vessels are wider and usually shorter than tracheids, vessels and tracheids have various forms of secondary wall thickenings. Water must pass through the pit membranes

Question 25

vascular tissue - what is the phloem?

Answer 25

Principle conducting cells of the phloem are sieve elements. Sieve cells and sieve tube members. Sieve elements have clusters of pores called sieve areas which allow protoplastic connection between adjacent sieve elements. Sieve tube members are associated with companion cells. Phloem tissue is not lignified and is easily crushed. Sieve elements are mostly empty to allow passage of solutes, companion cells have a nucleus and other normal cell constituents.

Question 26

What is dermal tissue?

Answer 26

Epidermis is the outermost layer of the primary plant body. Variable in structure and function. May contain guard cells which regulate the opening and closure of stomata. Often with appendages. Trichomes have many functions (protection, reflection, glandular secretion). In terrestrial plants the above ground epidermis is covered with cuticle. During secondary growth, a periderm often replaces the epidermis of stems and roots.