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Hertswood Academy GCSE Biology > B4 - Organising animals and plants > Flashcards

B4 - Organising animals and plants Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. What are the components of blood? (4 marks)
A
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
  • Plasma
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2
Q
  1. Give one function of red blood cells (1 mark)
A

Carry oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body

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3
Q
  1. What is the red pigment in red blood cells called? (1 mark)
A

*

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4
Q
  1. What is the function of haemoglobin? (3 marks)
A
  • To combine with oxygen to make oxyhaemoglobin
  • To carry oxygen to the cells
  • To release oxygen at the cells
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5
Q
  1. Give one function of white blood cells (1 mark)
A

Defence against pathogens

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6
Q

What are platelets? (1 mark)

A

They are small fragments of cells

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7
Q
  1. Give one function of platelets (1 mark)
A

Clot at the site of a wound

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8
Q
  1. Give one function of plasma (1 mark)
A

To carry dissolved substances, such as glucose, around the body

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9
Q
  1. What is the function of the circulatory system? (1 mark)
A
  • To transport substances around the body
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10
Q
  1. What are the four chambers of the heart called? (2 marks)
A
  • Left and right atria
  • Left and right ventricles
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11
Q
  1. Label the structures in the heart (4 marks)
A
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12
Q
  1. How does the heart push blood around the circulatory system? (1 mark)
A

Heart muscle contracts

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13
Q
  1. How is backflow prevented in the heart and veins? (1 mark)
A

Valves

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14
Q

What are the differences between arteries and veins? (4 marks)

A
  • Arteries have:
  • Thick wall (to contain blood at high pressure)
  • Elastin in the walls
  • Veins have:
  • Thin walls
  • Valves to stop backflow
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15
Q
  1. What is the function of a capillary?
A

They bring nutrients and oxygen to tissues and remove waste products.

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16
Q

. Name the types of blood vessels shown (3 marks)

A
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17
Q
  1. How do you calculate the rate of blood flow?
A

heart rate x stroke volume =cadiac output

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18
Q
  1. Give the ways in which the composition of the blood in the pulmonary vein is different to that in the pulmonary artery (3 mark)
A
  • Pulmonary artery has less O2
  • Pulmonary artery has more CO2
  • Pulmonary artery has more glucose
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19
Q
  1. Name this blood vessel (1 mark)
A

Coronary artery

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20
Q
  1. Give methods of treating a blocked coronary artery (above) (4 marks)
A
  • Stent
  • By-pass with a new blood vessel
  • Statins
  • Balloon
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21
Q

. How does a stent work? (2 marks)

A
  • It keeps the artery open
  • To allow blood through
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22
Q

. How does a by-pass work? (2 marks)

A

It connects a new blood vessel around the blockage to allow blood through

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23
Q

. How do statins work? (2 marks)

A
  • Lower cholesterol
  • Remove blockage
24
Q

How does an arterial balloon work? (2 marks)

A

It widens the blood vessel to allow blood through

25
Q

Suggest factors that scientists must consider so that heart valves can work effectively in the heart

A
  • That it is the correct size
  • That it doesn’t cause an immune response and get rejected
  • Whether it is a long lasting material
  • If it’s strong enough to withstand pressure
  • That it will open at the right pressure
  • That it doesn’t cause clotting
  • That it doesn’t leak
  • That it is non toxic
26
Q

What is a pacemaker? (1 mark)

A

A pacemaker is a small device that’s placed in the chest or abdomen to help control abnormal heart rhythms

27
Q

What are the features of an exchange surface that allow efficient exchange (4 marks)

A
  • Large surface area
  • Thin to provide a short diffusion pathway
  • Efficient blood supply (in animals only)
  • Well ventilated (in animals for gas exchange)
28
Q
  1. Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs? (1 mark)
A

Alveoli

29
Q
  1. What structure increases the surface area of the lungs? (1 mark)
A
  • Alveoli
30
Q

What structure increases the surface area of the small intestine? (1 mark)

A

Villi

31
Q
  1. Why do villi have an extensive network of capillaries? (2 marks)
A
  • To provide a good blood supply
  • For transporting nutrients
32
Q
  1. Where are the lungs? (1 mark)
A

Upper thorax

33
Q
  1. What structure protects the lungs? (1 mark)
A

Ribs

34
Q
  1. Which process takes air into the lungs? (1 mark)
A

Breathing

35
Q
  1. Which gases are exchanged at the surface of the alveoli? (2 marks)
A
  • O2
  • CO2
36
Q
  1. Name one substance other than food that an organism must exchange with its environment (2 marks)
A
  • O2
  • CO2
37
Q
  1. Describe the changes in volume of the lungs in one breathing cycle (2 marks)
A
  • Rises then falls
    • Give data from a graph or table to back up your point!
38
Q
  1. Explain how the diaphragm and ribcage cause changes in lung volume (6 marks)
A
  • Rise in volume caused by
    • Upward and outward movement of lungs
    • Flattening of diaphragm
  • Decrease in volume caused by
    • Downward and inward movement of the lungs
    • Doming of diaphragm
39
Q

What is the process of taking air into the lungs and expelling it known as? (1 mark)

A

Ventilation

40
Q
  1. How does an iron lung support breathing? (8 marks)
A
  • The person lies inside
  • Air is pumped out
  • Pressure decreases around the patient
  • Thorax and lungs expand
  • Air pumped back in
  • Pressure increases
  • Thorax moves inwards
  • Lungs deflate
41
Q
  1. Give advantages of using a modern ventilator over using an iron lung (3 marks)
A
  • More able to move
  • More portable
  • Doesn’t affect pressure and therefore blood flow in the body
42
Q
  1. Give disadvantages of using a modern ventilator over using an iron lung (2 marks)
A
  • Tube may be uncomfortable
  • More difficult to eat/talk
43
Q
  1. How is a plant root adapted for absorbing water? (5 marks)
A
  • There are many hairs that are one cell thick
  • Which gives a large surface area
  • With a short diffusion pathway
  • So there is more diffusion or osmosis
  • Into the root
44
Q
  1. Explain why roots have to use two methods for absorbing water and ions in their roots (4 marks)
A
  • Solution is dilute in soil
  • Water moves from the dilute solution into the more concentrated cell (osmosis)
  • Concentration of ions in soil is less than in the cell
  • Ions move against the concentration gradient (active transport)
45
Q
  1. Give the function of the stomata (3 marks)
A
  • To allow CO2 to enter
  • To allow O2 to leave
  • To control evaporation of water (transpiration)
46
Q
  1. Name the cells that control the size of the stomata (1 mark)
A

Guard cells

47
Q

Give a disadvantage of having a large number of stomata per mm2 on a leaf (1 mark)

A

More water loss

48
Q
  1. Explain why very little water loss occurs when the underside of a leaf is covered in grease (3 marks)
A
  • The lower surface has most stomata
  • Stomata are covered by grease
  • Water cannot escape
49
Q
  1. How is water transported in a plant? (1 mark)
A

In the xylem

50
Q
  1. How are dissolved sugars transported in plants? (1 mark)
A

In the phloem

51
Q
  1. What is transpiration (4 marks)
A
  • Movement of water from roots
  • Via the xylem
  • To the leaves
  • Water evaporates through stomata
52
Q
  1. What is the role of stomata and guard cells?
A

To control gas exchange and water loss.

53
Q
  1. Which factors affect transpiration
A
  • temperature
  • humidity
  • light intensity
  • amount of air flow
54
Q
  1. What is a potometer? (1 mark)
A

A is a device used for measuring the rate of water uptake of a leafy plant shoot.

55
Q

What is diffusion? (2 marks)

A
  • Movement of substances
  • From an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
56
Q

What is osmosis? (4 marks)

A
  • Movement of water
  • Through a partially permeable membrane
  • From a dilute to a concentrated solution
  • It’s passive
57
Q

What is active transport? (3 marks)

A
  • Movement of substances
  • Against the concentration gradient (from an area of low concentration to a high concentration)
  • Requires energy

Hertswood Academy GCSE Biology (4 decks)

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