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Hertswood Academy GCSE Biology > B2 - Cell Division > Flashcards

B2 - Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. Describe the organisation of the cell from the level of the cell to genes.
A
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2
Q

In which part of a cell is the genetic information found? (1 mark)

A
  • Nucleus
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3
Q
  1. What does the nucleus contain?
A
  • The nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes
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4
Q
  1. What are chromosomes made of?
A
  • DNA molecules.
  • Each chromosome carries a large number of genes.
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5
Q
  1. What is DNA? (1 mark)
A
  • DNA is the chemical that forms the chromosomes
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6
Q

Describe the structure of DNA. (1 mark)

A
  • DNA is a long molecule made up of two strands that are twisted together to make a spiral. This is known as double helix.
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7
Q
  1. How many chromosomes are present in human body cells? (1 mark)
A
  • 46 chromosomes (or 23 pairs)
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8
Q
  1. How many chromosomes are present in sex cells (gametes)? (1 mark)
A
  • 23 chromosomes
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9
Q
  1. What is the cell cycle?
A
  • The process of growth and division is called the cell cycle.
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10
Q
  1. In which stage of the cell division cycle does DNA divide?
A
  • Mitosis
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11
Q
  1. What is a diploid cell?
A
  • A diploid cell is a cell which contains a full set of chromosomes (e.g. humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 chromosomes).
  • Diploid cells are body cells.
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12
Q
  1. What is mitosis?
A

Mitosis is a type of cell division.

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13
Q
  1. Why is cell division by mitosis important in multicellular organisms?
A

Mitosis occurs wherever more cells are needed in:

  • growth
  • development
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14
Q
  1. What happens to the DNA in the cell cycle?
A
  • It is doubled (or replicated) and then divided into two identical daughter cells. The daughter cells are also identical to the parent cell.
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15
Q
  1. Draw diagrams to show what happens during mitosis (5 marks)
A
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16
Q
  1. What is the process in which an organism develops different types of cells?
A
  • An organism develops different types of cells in a process called cell differentiation.
17
Q
  1. How does cell differentiation occur?
A
  • Cell differentiation occurs through cell specialization in which different sub-cellular structures are added to enable it to carry out a certain function. As this happens a cell becomes a specialised cell.
  • The diagram below shows three examples of specialised animal cells that have developed from an unspecialized animal cells.
18
Q
  1. At which stage in an animal’s lifetime does most types of cell differentiation take place?
A
  • Most types of animal cell differentiate at an early stage.
19
Q
  1. How is cell differentiation in plants different to cell differentiation in animals?
A

Many types of plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout life.

20
Q
  1. What is the main function of cell differentiation in mature animals?
A
  • In mature animals, cell division is mainly restricted to repair and replacement of damaged and dead cells and tissues.
21
Q
  1. Where are meristems found?
A
  • Meristems are found at the tips of roots and shoots and in between the xylem and the phloem tissues.
22
Q
  1. What process takes place at meristems?
A
  • Mitosis which takes place throughout the lifetime of the plant.
23
Q
  1. What are stem cells? (1mark)
A
  • A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell of an organism which is capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type, and from which certain other cells can arise from differentiation.
24
Q
  1. Where are stem cells found in humans? (2marks)
A
  • Developing embryo
  • Bone marrow
25
Q
  1. What are the advantages of using stem cells in research? (1mark)
A
  • They can be used to make any type of adult cell to repair or replace damaged tissues
26
Q
  1. .What are the difficulties with stem cell research? (2marks)
A
  • Ethical objections
  • Concerns over possible side effect.
27
Q
  1. How can we overcome the ethical issues in using stem cells? (2marks)
A
  • By using stem cells from umbilical cord
  • By using adult stem cells and therapeutic cloning
28
Q
  1. Why is there an ethical concern over using embryonic stem cells?(1mark)
A
  • Some people think it is wrong to use potential human being as a source of cells to help other people
29
Q
  1. How can stem cells be used in treatment? (2 marks )
A
  • To treat diabetes
  • To treat paralysis
30
Q
  1. How can stem cells from plants be used?
A
  • Stem cells from meristems in plants can be used to produce clones of plants quickly and economically
  • Rare species can be cloned to protect from extinction.
  • Crop plants with special features such as disease resistance can be cloned to produce large numbers of identical plants for farmers.
31
Q
  1. What are some of the problems with the potential use of embryonic stem cells?
A
  • Some people argue that aborted or spare embryos used from fertility treatments could have been a human being and should NOT be used as a cure or a source of cells.
  • Since the embryo cannot give permission to be used it is a violation of Human Rights to help cure, treat or use embryonic stem cells. This is an ethical concern (having to do with right and wrong).
  • Due to religious beliefs, some people believe that the process of reproduction should not be tampered with so argue that embryonic stem cells should not be used.
  • Progress in developing therapies is slow, expensive, and difficult to control.
  • Potential risk of cancer due to cell division of the embryonic stem cells.
  • Adult stem cells may be infected with viruses and potentially transfer infection to patients when used in treatments.
32
Q
  1. How may embryonic stem cells be used in research?
A
33
Q
  1. How are some of the ethical concerns of using embryonic stem cells overcome?
A
  • Using embryonic stem cells from the umbilical cord blood of newborn babies
  • Using the amniotic fluid which surrounds the fetus as it grows
  • Using adult stem cells in therapeutic cloning
34
Q
  1. What is therapeutic cloning?
A
  • Therapeutic cloning involves using one of your cells to produce an embryo (developing human offspring inside the womb), then taking stem cells from this.
35
Q
  1. What are the steps in therapeutic cloning?
A
  • nucleus taken out of a human egg cell
  • nucleus from a patient’s cell put into the egg cell
  • egg cell stimulated to develop into an embryo
  • stem cells taken from the embryo
  • stem cells grown in a container of warm nutrients
  • stem cells treated to develop into required cell types
36
Q
  1. What are the benefits of therapeutic cloning?
A
  • In therapeutic cloning an embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient.
  • Stem cells from the embryo are not rejected by the patient’s body so they may be used for medical treatment.

Hertswood Academy GCSE Biology (4 decks)

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