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Hertswood Academy GCSE Biology > B1 - Cell Structure and Transport > Flashcards

B1 - Cell Structure and Transport Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. What types of microscopes are there? (2 marks)
A

a. Light Microscope b. Electron Microscope

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2
Q
  1. Why are electron microscopes better? (2 marks)
A

a. They have a much higher magnification and resolving power b. So you can see organelles inside cells a lot clearer and in more detail

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3
Q
  1. How do you calculate the magnification of an image? (1 mark)
A

a. Magnification = size of image/size of real object

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4
Q
  1. Label the structures of an animal cell (6 marks)
A
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5
Q

7) What are the key features of a bacterial cell? (5 marks)

A

a. Cytoplasm b. Cell Membrane c. Cell wall d. Genes are not in a nucleus e. DNA is in loops called plasmids

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6
Q
  1. Label the structures of a plant cell (6 marks)
A
  1. Label the structures of a plant cell (6 marks)
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7
Q
  1. What are the key organelles common to both animal and plant cells and their functions? (6 marks)
A
  1. Nucleus - Stores genetic information, Controls the activity of the cell
  2. Cytoplasm - Where most chemical reactions take place
  3. Cell Membrane - Controls what substances go in and out of the cell
  4. Mitochondria - The site of respiration, where energy is released
  5. Ribosomes - Where protein synthesis takes place
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8
Q
  1. What are they key features of yeast cells? (5 marks)
A
  1. Cytoplasm
  2. Cell Membrane
  3. Cell wall
  4. Genes are not in a nucleus
  5. DNA is in loops called plasmids
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9
Q
  1. What are specialised cells? (1 mark)
A
  1. Cells that carry out a particular function
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10
Q
  1. How are sperm cells specialised to carry out their function? (3 marks)
A
  1. Tail- to help it move/swim
  2. Lots of mitochondria- release energy for movement
  3. Head contains enzymes- to digest/break down outside of egg
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11
Q
  1. How are muscle cells specialised to carry out their function? (1 mark)
A
  1. Lots of mitochondria- release energy for movement
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12
Q
  1. How are root hair cells (in plants) specialised to carry out their function? (2 marks)
A
  1. Large surface area- to speed up osmosis
  2. Thin wall- to absorb water more quickly
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13
Q
  1. What is cell differentiation? (1 mark)
A
  1. When a cell forms different types of cells to carry out a particular function and becomes a specialised cell
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14
Q
  1. How does cell differentiation occur in animals? (2 marks)
A
  1. Differentiation occurs in animals at an early stage
  2. It occurs to repair and replace old cells
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15
Q

How does cell differentiation occur in plants? (1 mark)

A

Plants cells can differentiate throughout life

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16
Q
  1. How can dissolved substances move into and out of cells? (1 mark)
A
  1. Diffusion
17
Q
  1. What is diffusion? (2 marks)
A
  1. The movement of particles (gas or substance in solution) from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
  2. Down a concentration gradient
18
Q

Why is oxygen required to diffuse into cells? (1mark)

A
  1. Needed for respiration
19
Q

Give examples of where diffusion occurs in the body ( 3 marks)

A
  1. Oxygen diffuses into cells during gas exchange
  2. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of cells during gas exchange
  3. Urea (waste product) diffuses from cells into the blood plasma for excretion in the kidney
20
Q
  1. Give examples of where diffusion
A
  1. Carbon dioxide diffuses into plants for photosynthesis
  2. Oxygen diffuses from the plant back into the air
21
Q

tate three factors which affect the rate of diffusion (3 marks)

A
  1. The difference in concentrations (concentration gradients)
  2. Temperature
  3. Surface area of the membrane
22
Q
  1. In multicellular organisms, how is exchange of materials efficient? (2marks)
A
  1. Surfaces and organ systems have a smaller surface area to volume ratio
  2. Therefore sufficient molecules can be transported in and out of cells
23
Q
  1. How can the effectiveness of an exchange surface be increased? (4 marks)
A
  1. Having a large surface area
  2. Thin membrane to provide a short diffusion path
  3. In animals, an efficient blood supply
  4. In animals, being ventilated (for gaseous exchange)
24
Q

What is Osmosis? (1 mark)

A
  1. The diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane
25
Q
  1. What is osmosis? ( 4marks)
A
  1. Movement of water
  2. Through a partially permeable membrane
  3. From a dilute to a concentrated solution
  4. It’s passive
26
Q
  1. How is a plant root adapted for absorbing water? (5 marks)
A
  1. There are many hairs that are one cell thick
  2. Which gives a large surface area
  3. With a short diffusion pathway
  4. So there is more diffusion or osmosis
  5. Into the root
27
Q
  1. Explain why roots have to use two methods for absorbing water and ions in their roots (4 marks)
A
  1. Solution is dilute in soil
  2. Water moves from the dilute solution into the more concentrated cell (osmosis)
  3. Concentration of ions in soil is less than in the cell
  4. Ions move against the concentration gradient (active transport)
28
Q
  1. What is Active Transport? (2 marks)
A
  1. This moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated soltuon (against a concentration gradient)
  2. It requires energy
29
Q
  1. Where does active transport take place in plants? (2 marks)
A
  1. Active transport allows mineral ions to be absorbed into plant root hair from dilute solutions in the soil
  2. Plants require ions for healthy growth
30
Q
  1. Where does active transport take place in animals? ( 2marks)
A
  1. It allows sugar molecules to be absorbed from lower concentrations in the gut to the blood which has a higher sugar concentration
  2. Sugar molecules are used for cell respiration
31
Q
  1. What are the features of an exchange surface that allow efficient exchange (4 marks)
A
  1. Large surface area
  2. Thin to provide a short diffusion pathway
  3. Efficient blood supply (in animals only)
  4. Well ventilated (in animals for gas exchange)
32
Q
  1. Where does gas exchange take place in the lungs? (1 mark)
A
  1. Alveoli
33
Q
  1. What structure increases the surface area of the lungs? (1 mark)
A
  1. Alveoli
34
Q

What structure increases the surface area of the small intestine? (1 mark)

A
  1. Villi
35
Q

How is a plant root adapted for absorbing water? (5 marks)

A
  1. There are many hairs that are one cell thick
  2. Which gives a large surface area
  3. With a short diffusion pathway
  4. So there is more diffusion or osmosis
  5. Into the root
36
Q
  1. What are the key organelles found only in plant cells and what are their functions? (4 marks)
A

Cellulose cell wall - Strengthens the cell

Chloroplast - Contains chlorophyll (green pigment), Absorbs light energy to make food

Permanent vacuole - Contains cell sap

37
Q
  1. Why do ribosomes rely on mitochondria to function? (3 marks)
A
  • Mitochondria carry out respiration
  • So release energy
  • This energy is needed so the ribosomes can make proteins

Hertswood Academy GCSE Biology (4 decks)

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