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B3 > B3.3 > Flashcards

B3.3 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do humans need to remove waste products from their bodies

A

To keep their internal environment relatively constant

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2
Q

Why might people whose kidneys do not function properly may die

A

Because toxic substances accumulate in their blood

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3
Q

How can someone with kidney failure’s life be saved

A

By using dialysis machines or having a healthy kidney transplanted

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4
Q

What 4 things need to be kept at very narrow ranges

A

Water content
Ion content
Temperature
Blood glucose levels

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5
Q

What are 2 waste products from the body

A

Carbon dioxide

Urea

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6
Q

How is the waste product carbon dioxide made in the body and how it is removed

A

Produced by respiration and removed via the lungs when we breathe out

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7
Q

How is the waste product urea produced and how is it removed

A

Produced by the liver by tge breakdown of amino acids and removed by the kidneys in the urine and temporarily stored in the bladder

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8
Q

What happens if the water or ion content of the body is wrong

A

Too much may move into or out of the cells and damage them

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9
Q

How do water and ion enter the body

A

When we eat or drink

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10
Q

What is the process of a healthy kidney producing urine

A

First filters the blood
Reabsorbing all the sugar
Reabsorbing the dissolved ions needed by the body
Reabsorbing as much water as the body needs
Releasing urea, excess ions and water as urine

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11
Q

What does treatment by dialysis do

A

Restores the concentrations of dissolved substances in the blood to normal levels

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12
Q

When does the treatment by dialysis needed to carried out

A

At regular intervals

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13
Q

What happens in a dialysis machine

A

A persons blood flows between partially permeable membranes

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14
Q

What has the same concentration as the dialysis fluid

A

Useful substances such as blood

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15
Q

Why does the dialysis machine have to have the same concentration as the blood

A

So that glucose and useful mineral ions are not lost

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16
Q

What passes out from the blood into dialysis fluid

A

Urea

17
Q

What happens in kidney transplants

A

A diseased kidney is replaced with a healthy one from a donor

18
Q

When having a kidney transplant why do precautions need to be taken

A

Because the donor kidney may be rejected by the immune system

19
Q

What are antigens

A

Proteins on the surface of cells

20
Q

Why might the recipients antibodies attack the antigens on the donor organ

A

Because they do not recognise them as part of the recipients body

21
Q

What must happen to prevent rejection of a transplanted kidney

A

A donor kidney with a ‘tissue type’ similar to that of the recipient used

The recipient is treated with drugs that suppress the immune system

22
Q

What does sweating do

A

To cool down the body

23
Q

What happens when it is hot

A

Water is lost

24
Q

What needs to happen if u lose more water

A

More water has to be taken as drink or in food to balance this loss.

25
Q

What controls and monitors body temperature

A

The thermoregulatory centre int the brain

26
Q

What does tge thermoregulatory centre have

A

Receptors sensitive to the temperature of the blood flowing through the brain

27
Q

What do temperature receptors in the skin send to the thermoregulatory centre

A

Impulses which gives information about skin temperature

28
Q

What 2 things happen if the core body temperature is too high

A

Blood vessels supplying the skin capillaries dilate so that more blood flows through the capillaries and more heat is lost

Sweat glands release more sweat which cools the body as it evaporates

29
Q

What 2 things happen if the core body temperature is too low

A

Blood vessels supplying the skin capillaries constrict to reduce the flow of blood through the capillaries

Muscles may shiver- their contraction needs respiration, which releases some energy to warm the body

30
Q

What does the pancreas do

A

Controls and monitors the blood glucose concentration of the body

31
Q

What 2 things does the pancreas produce and what do they allow

A

Produces hormone insulin which allows the glucose to move from the blood into the cells

Produces hormone glucagon when the blood glucose levels fall and causes glycogen to be converted into glucose and to be released into the blood

32
Q

What is type 1 diabetes

A

A disease in which a person’s blood glucose concentration may rise to a high level because the pancreas does not produce enough of the hormone insulin

33
Q

How can type 1 diabetes be controlled

A

By careful attention to:
diet
Exercise
Injecting insulin

B3 (4 decks)

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