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Bio > B3.3 > Flashcards

B3.3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a constant internal conditions, no matter what happens in the external environment.

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2
Q

Why is it important to keep body at a certain temperature?

A

Optimum temperaturw for the enzymes, if there is an exposure to extreme hot enzymes may denature. If there is an exposure to extremely cold temperatures, emzymes will work extremely slowly as there is no kinetic energy

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3
Q

What temperature does your body work best at?

A

37 degrees celsius

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4
Q

What temperature is there a risk of hypothermia

A

Below 35 degrees celsius

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5
Q

What conditions need to be regulated in the body

A
  • water levels
  • carbon dioxide levels
  • internal body temperature
  • urea concentration in urine
    -blood sugar levels
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6
Q

When youre too hot…

A
  • erector muscles relax, hairs lie flat, prevents air forming around body
  • sweat glands producing swear, evaporates to environment using energy
  • blood vessels close to skin widening, vasodilation, allows more blood flow near surface, transfers more energy to surroundings, cools down
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7
Q

When youre too cold…

A
  • erector muscles contract, hairs rise, creates insulating layer
  • swear glands stop producing sweat
  • blood vessels near the surface narrowing vascoconstriction
  • shivering starts, muscles contract and relax fast, requires respirationm cells respire faster, transfers energy by heating
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8
Q

How is body temperature controlled

A
  • thermoregulatory system in brain is responsible
  • hypothalamus acts as a thermostat
  • relies on signals received from receptor cells in skin (monitors internal and external temp)
  • when a change is detected, parts of body send impulses to effectors to respond
  • return to normal temp
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9
Q

What does glucose act as?

A

Energy store

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10
Q

Explain Blood Glucose levels after eating

A

After eating, glucose from digestion passes into bloodstream

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11
Q

Explain Blood Sugar levels after excercise…

A

When you excercise, more glucose is needed as the body needs to transfer more energy, blood sugar levels drop

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12
Q

What happens if blood sugar levels are too high?

A

Detected by the PANCREAS and then releases the hormone insulin travels in blood to liver

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13
Q

Type 1 diabetes properties

A
  • normally begins in childhood
  • pancreas doesnt make insulin
  • controlled by regular injections of insulin
  • autoimmune condition
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14
Q

Type 2 diabetes properties

A
  • linked to lack of excercise
  • linked to obesity
  • begins later in life
  • receptors dont respond to insulin
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15
Q

Both type diabetes properties

A
  • controlled by limiting carbohydrate intake
  • controlled by increasing excercise
  • blood glucose levels are often too high
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16
Q

Both diabetes treatments:

A

Type 2 diabetes:

  • body no longer responds to insulin, insulin wont help
  • must manage diet and excercise regularly

Type 1 diabetes:

  • insulin injections when blood glucose levels rise too high
  • manage diet and excercise regularly
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17
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

The process by which the body rehulates water balance and maintains homeostasis.

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18
Q

How do salts and water get into your body?

A
  • food and drink
  • water also produced as a result of respiration
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19
Q

How do water and salts get out of your body?

A
  • sweating
  • urine
  • water vapor when you exhale
    (Excretion)
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20
Q

What is Urea?

A

A chemical waste product which is toxic. Too much urea can crystallise the joints.

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21
Q

Where is urea made?

A

The liver

22
Q

Why is urea produced?

A

Ammonia is produced from left over amino acids, and it must be removed from the body. The liver produces several enzymes that change ammonia into urea, which the body can remove in urine

23
Q

What is the bladder?

A

Stores urine

24
Q

What is the ring of muscle?

A

Controls opening and closing of bladder

25
Q

What is the ureter?

A

A tube where urine passes through from kindey to the bladder

26
Q

What is the renal artery?

A

Brings blood containing urea and other substances to kindey

27
Q

What is the renal vein?

A

Carries blood away from kidney, after urea and other substances have been removed from the blood

28
Q

How does the urine change when you are short of water?

A
  • produce very little urine
    -water saved for use
  • small amount of concentrated urine
  • dark yellow
  • The hypothalamus triggers the pituitary gland to release anti-diuretic
    hormone (ADH).
  • more permeability of kidney tubules
29
Q

How does urine change when there is too much water?

A
  • produces lots of urine
  • excess water lost
  • large amount of dilute urine
  • almost colourless
  • The hypothalamus triggers the pituitary gland to stop the release of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH).
  • reduces permeability of the kidney tubules
30
Q

what are nephrons?

A

Filtering units of the kidney

31
Q

What does the bowmans or renal capsule do?

A

Small filtering pores. Carries out ultra filtration. Water, salts, glucose, amino acids and urea will all pass into nephron

32
Q

What is ultra filtration?

A

Small things pass and large things dont. Things that will filter:

  • water
  • salts
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • urea

the blood is filtered and water, urea and salts move into the nephron tube. Blood cells and proteins remain in the blood as they are too big to move across the capillary walls.

33
Q

What is the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Carries out selective reabsorption back into blood using energy and proteins. If glucose is still in urine, you have an excess. Sign of diabetes.

34
Q

What is the loop of Henle?

A

Re-absorbs water for beings that dont need that much water (desert camels)

35
Q

What is the distal convoluted tubule?

A

A controlled action, loss of water and salts

36
Q

Where does the substance go after the ureter?

A

The filtrate travels to the bladder after the ureter

37
Q

Define convoluted

A

Twisted and not straight

38
Q

Where are the filtering units (nephrons) in the kidney?

A

Filtering happens in cortex

39
Q

Name the parts of the body which carry out the central nervous system’s instructions in response to internal and external stimuli.

A

Effectors
Muscles and glands

40
Q

Describe how the body responds if its water concentration is too high.

A

The pituitary gland releases less ADH. This causes the kidney tubules to absorb less water and more urine to be
produced.

41
Q

What is the job of Receptors on the skin

A

Receptors on the surface of the skin monitor the temperature at the surface of the body.

42
Q

What is the job of the Receptors in the brain

A

Receptors in the thermoregulatory centre of our brain (called the hypothalamus monitor the internal body temperature as blood flows
through the brain.

43
Q

Give TWO of the coordination centres which are able to receive and process information from receptors.

A

Brain
Spinal cord
Pancreas

44
Q

Give TWO automatic control systems involved in homeostasis.

A

Nervous
Chemical/Endocrine

45
Q

Human bodies consist of 60% water. Suggest ONE negative effect that eating too much salt has on the water balance of the human body.

A

Eating too much salt can make the blood ion concentration too high.

46
Q

The kidneys control…

A
  • water levels
  • ion levels
47
Q

Hypotonic Blood

A

• If blood water concentration is too high, water osmoses into cells and they burst.

48
Q

Hypertonic Blood

A

• If blood water concentration is too low, water osmoses out of cells and they shrivel and shrink.

49
Q

How is glycogen involved in the regulation of glucose?

A

If there is too much glucose, it will be converted into glycogen and stored.
If there is too little glucose, the stored glycogen will be converted back into glucose.

50
Q

What is the name for the blood vessels closest to the surface of the skin?

A

Capillaries

51
Q

How does insulin control blood sugar levels in body?

A

Insulin causes glucose to be deposited in the liver as glycogen; then, during the next few hours, when blood glucose concentration falls, the liver releases glucose again

52
Q

explain how glucagon interacts with insulin to control blood sugar levels in the body

A

Glucagon breaks down glycogen to glucose in the liver. Insulin enables blood glucose to enter cells, where they use it to produce energy

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