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Biology > B3/Infection and Response > Flashcards

B3/Infection and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

define a pathogen

A

a microorganism that can cause a disease

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2
Q

name 4 pathogens

A

bacteria
virus
protists
fungi

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3
Q

bacteria and viruses multiply rapidly inside the body, describe how they may make us feel ill

A

damage to cells

produce toxins

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4
Q

describe the symptoms of measles

A

fever and a red skin rash

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5
Q

how is measles spread?

A

inhalation of droplets from sneezes and coughs

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6
Q

how is HIV spread?

A

sexual contact or exchange of body fluids such as blood which occurs when drug users share needles

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7
Q

what are the symptoms of HIV?

A

initially causes a flu-like illness. unless successfully controlled with antiretroviral drugs the virus attacks the body’s immune cells. late stage HIV occurs when the body’s immune system becomes so badly damaged it can no longer deal with other infections or cancers.

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8
Q

describe the symptoms of the tobacco mosaic virus

A

pattern of discolouration on the leaves which affects the growth of the plant due to lack of photosynthesis

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9
Q

what type of pathogen causes salmonella food poisoning?

A

bacteria

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10
Q

what are the symptoms of salmonella food poisoning?

A

fever, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea are caused by the bacteria and the toxins they secrete

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11
Q

why are poultry in the UK vaccinated against salmonella?

A

to control the spread of the bateria

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12
Q

what type of pathogen causes the sti gonorrhoea?

A

bacteria

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13
Q

what are the symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

thick yellow or green discharge from the vagina or penis and pain on urinating

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14
Q

how can the spread of gonorrhoea be controlled?

A

treatment with antibiotics or use a condom

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15
Q

what type of pathogen causes rose black spot?

A

fungal disease

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16
Q

what are the symptoms of rose black spot?

A

purple or black spots develop on leaves, which often turn yellow and drop early.
it affects the growth of the plant as photosynthesis is reduced

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17
Q

how is rose black spot spread?

A

in the environment by water or wind.

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18
Q

how is rose black spot treated?

A

using fungicides and/or removing and destroying the affected leaves

19
Q

what pathogen causes malaria?

A

protists

20
Q

what vector do the protists use to reproduce?

A

mosquitos

21
Q

what methods can be used to control the spread of malaria?

A

preventing the vectors, mosquitos from breeding and by using mosquito nets to avoid being bitten

22
Q

what are the defence systems in the human body that protect against pathogens?

A

skin
nose
trachea and bronchi
stomach

23
Q

name 3 ways that white blood cells defend against pathogens

A

photocytosis
antibody production
antitoxin production

24
Q

what does a vaccination contain?

A

small quantities of dead or inactive forms of pathogen

25
Q

explain how a vaccination prevents infection from a particular pathogen?

A

introducing small quantities of dead or inactive forms of a pathogen into the body to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies.
if the same pathogen re-enters the body the white blood cells respond quickly to produce the correct antibodies, preventing infection

26
Q

what do antibiotics such as penicillin kill?

A

bacteria

27
Q

what do antibiotic NOT kill?

A

viruses

28
Q

what do painkillers do?

A

treat the symptoms but do not kill the pathogen

29
Q

why is it difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses?

A

viruses multiply inside the body cells, it is difficult to develop drugs that kill viruses without also damaging the body’s tissues

30
Q

traditionally drugs were extracted from plants and microorganisms.
give 3 examples

A

the heart drug digitalis originates from foxgloves, the painkiller aspirin originates from willow.
penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming from the penicillium mould

31
Q

what is the starting point for many drugs synthesised by chemists in the pharmaceutical industry?

A

a chemical extracted from a plant

32
Q

what are new drugs tested for?

A

toxicity, efficiency and dose

33
Q

describe the main stages in a drug trial

A

pre-clinical testing is done in a laboratory using cells, tissues and live animals. clinical trials use healthy volunteers and patients.
very low doses of the drug are given at the start of the clinical trial
if the drug is found to be safe, further clinical trials are carried out to find the optium dose for the drug
in double blind trials, some patients are given a placebo

34
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A

stimulating mouse lymphocytes to make a particular antibody
the lymphocytes are combined with a particular kind of tumour cell to make a cell called a hybridoma cell
the hybridoma cells can both divide and make the antibody. single hybridoma cells are cloned to produce many identical cells that all produce the same antibody, a large amount of the antibody can be collected and purified

35
Q

give examples of the use of monoclonal antibodies

A

for diagnosis such as in pregnancy tests
in labs to measure levels of hormones and other chemicals in the blood, or to detect pathogens
in research to locate specific molecules in a cell or tissue
treat some diseases for cancer the monoclonal antibody can be bound to a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or a chemical which stops cells growing and dividing
it delivers the substance to the cancer cells without harming the other cells in the body.

36
Q

how can plant diseases be detected ?

A 
stunted growth
spots on leaves
areas of decay
growths
malformed stems or leaves
discolouration
the presence of pests
37
Q

how can people identify plant diseases?

A

reference to gardening manuals
taking infected plants to the lab
using tests kits

38
Q

what deficiency causes stunted growth in plants?

A

nitrate deficiency

39
Q

why does nitrate deficiency cause stunted growth?

A

nitrates are needed to make proteins

40
Q

chlorosis is a condition where leaves produce little chlorophyll. what ion deficiency causes this?

A

magnesium deficiency

41
Q

name the physical defences in plants to rest invasion from microorganisms

A

cellulose cell walls
tough waxy cuticle on leaves
layers of dead cells around stems which fall off

42
Q

name the chemical defences in plants

A

antibacterial chemicals

poisons to deter harbivores

43
Q

name the mechanical adaptations in plants

A

thorns and hairs deter animals
laves which droop or curl when touched
mimicry to trick animals

Biology (7 decks)

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