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Biology > B1/Cells > Flashcards

B1/Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what types of cells are eukaryotes?

A

plant and animal cells

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2
Q

what features do both plant and animal cells have in common?

A 
cell membrane
nucleus 
cytoplasm
ribosomes
mitochondria
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3
Q

what is an example of a prokaryotic cell?

A

bacterial cell

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4
Q

how are eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells different?

A

eu- bigger, have dna in the nucleus

pro- smaller, have cell wall, dna is single loop or plasmids

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5
Q

what is a plasmid?

A

a circular ring of dna

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6
Q

what sub-cellular structures would you find in most animal cells?

A 
cell membrane 
cytoplasm 
mitochondria
nucleus
ribosomes
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7
Q

what extra sub-cellular structures do plant cells have, in addition to the ones they share with animal cells?

A

cell wall
chloroplasts
vacuole

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8
Q

what are cell walls made from?

A

cellulose

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9
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

store the genetic material, dna

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10
Q

what is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

where chemical reactions take place

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11
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane?

A

layer around the cell which helps to control substances entering and leaving the cell

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12
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria?

A

the site of aerobic respiration, which releases energy

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13
Q

what is the function of the ribosomes?

A

where protein synthesis takes place

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14
Q

what is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

contains chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

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15
Q

what is the function of the vacuole?

A

contains cell sap and gives support and structure to the plant

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16
Q

name 3 specialised cells in animals

A

sperm
nerve
muscle

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17
Q

name 3 specialised cells in plants

A

root hair cells
xylem
phloem

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18
Q

what happens when a cell differentiates?

A

it acquired different sub-cellular structures to enable it to carry out certain functions.
it becomes specialised

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19
Q

how is an electron microscope different to a light microscope?

A

higher magnification and higher resolving power

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20
Q

why are electron microscopes more useful?

A

cells can be studied in finer detail.

Biologists can see many more sub-cellular structures

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21
Q

what is the calculation for magnification?

A

magnification=size of image/size of real object

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22
Q

how do bacteria multiply?

A

binary fission

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23
Q

what are the conditions bacteria need to multiply?

A

moisture
nutrients
warmth

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24
Q

what two ways can we grow bacteria, in a lab?

A

in a nutrient broth solution

as colonies on an agar gel plate

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25
Q

why do we grow bacteria in sterile conditions?

A

to prevent contamination

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26
Q

what are uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms used for?

A

investigating the action of disinfectants and antibiotics

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27
Q

why are petri dishes and culture media sterilised before use?

A

to prevent contamination

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28
Q

how do we sterilise inoculating loops?

A

pass them through a flame, this is done to prevent contamination

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29
Q

why do we store agar plates upside down?

A

to prevent contamination dripping on the bacteria and destroying the culture

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30
Q

what temperature are bacterial cultures grown at in schools?

A

25 degrees C

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31
Q

why do schools not incubate bacterial cultures above 25 degrees C?

A

to prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria

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32
Q

what is the equation to calculate the area of a zone of clearance?

A

pi r squared

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33
Q

what are chromosomes made from?

A

dna

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34
Q

what are the sections of dna known as?

A

genes

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35
Q

what happens to a cell during the cell cycle?

A

the genetic material is doubled and the divided into two identical cells

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36
Q

what must a cell do before it can divide?

A

it needs to grow and increase the number of sub-cellular structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria.
the dna replicates go form two copies of each chromosome

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37
Q

which type of cell division produces two genetically identical cells and is used for growth and development of multi-cellular organisms?

A

mitosis

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38
Q

what is a stem cell?

A

an undifferentiated cell of an organism which is capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type

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39
Q

how can stem cells from human embryos be useful?

A

stem cells from human embryos can be cloned and made to differentiate into most types of human cells

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40
Q

how can stem cells from human bone marrow be useful?

A

stem cells from human bone marrow can form many types of cells including blood cells

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41
Q

what is meristem tissue?

A

tissue in plants that differentiate into any type of plant cell, throughout the life of a plant

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42
Q

what conditions can be treated using stem cells?

A

diabetes and paralysis

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43
Q

what is therapeutic cloning?

A

an embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient.

stem cells from the embryo are not rejected by the patients body, so they may be used for medical treatment

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44
Q

name some objections that people may have to the use of stem cells to treat disease

A

potential risks- viral infection
ethical objections
religious objections

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45
Q

give two advantages of cloning plants using meristems

A

quick and economic

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46
Q

why are rare plant species cloned?

A

protect against extinction

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47
Q

why are crop plants cloned?

A

they may have special features such as disease resistance

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48
Q

define diffusion

A

the spreading out of the particles of any substance in solution or particles of a gas, resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

49
Q

give two examples of diffusion

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide in gas exchange

urea from cells into the blood plasma for excretion in the kidney

50
Q

what three factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A

difference in concentration
temperature
surface area of membrane

51
Q

why is having a large surface area to volume ratio advantageous to single cellar organisms?

A

allows sufficient transport of molecules into and out of the cell to meet the needs of the organism

52
Q

how is the effectiveness of an exchange surface increased?

A

having a large surface area
having a thin membrane to provide a short diffusion path
having an efficient blood supply, to maintain the concentration gradient
being ventilated, to maintain the concentration gradient

53
Q

what type of molecules move by osmosis?

A

water

54
Q

define osmosis

A

the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

55
Q

what is active transport?

A

it moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution ( against the concentration gradient)
this requires energy from respiration

56
Q

give an example of active transport in plants

A

allows mineral ions to be absorbed into root plant hairs from very dilute solutions in the soil

57
Q

why do plants need mineral ions?

A

healthy growth

58
Q

give an example of active transport in animals

A

allows sugar molecules to be absorbed from lower concentration in the gut into the blood which has a higher sugar concentration

59
Q

what are sugar molecules used for?

A

respiration

60
Q

what types of cells are eukaryotes?

A

plant and animal cells

61
Q

what features do both plant and animal cells have in common?

A 
cell membrane
nucleus 
cytoplasm
ribosomes
mitochondria
62
Q

what is an example of a prokaryotic cell?

A

bacterial cell

63
Q

how are eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells different?

A

eu- bigger, have dna in the nucleus

pro- smaller, have cell wall, dna is single loop or plasmids

64
Q

what is a plasmid?

A

a circular ring of dna

65
Q

what sub-cellular structures would you find in most animal cells?

A 
cell membrane 
cytoplasm 
mitochondria
nucleus
ribosomes
66
Q

what extra sub-cellular structures do plant cells have, in addition to the ones they share with animal cells?

A

cell wall
chloroplasts
vacuole

67
Q

what are cell walls made from?

A

cellulose

68
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

store the genetic material, dna

69
Q

what is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

where chemical reactions take place

70
Q

what is the function of the cell membrane?

A

layer around the cell which helps to control substances entering and leaving the cell

71
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria?

A

the site of aerobic respiration, which releases energy

72
Q

what is the function of the ribosomes?

A

where protein synthesis takes place

73
Q

what is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

contains chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis

74
Q

what is the function of the vacuole?

A

contains cell sap and gives support and structure to the plant

75
Q

name 3 specialised cells in animals

A

sperm
nerve
muscle

76
Q

name 3 specialised cells in plants

A

root hair cells
xylem
phloem

77
Q

what happens when a cell differentiates?

A

it acquired different sub-cellular structures to enable it to carry out certain functions.
it becomes specialised

78
Q

how is an electron microscope different to a light microscope?

A

higher magnification and higher resolving power

79
Q

why are electron microscopes more useful?

A

cells can be studied in finer detail.

Biologists can see many more sub-cellular structures

80
Q

what is the calculation for magnification?

A

magnification=size of image/size of real object

81
Q

how do bacteria multiply?

A

binary fission

82
Q

what are the conditions bacteria need to multiply?

A

moisture
nutrients
warmth

83
Q

what two ways can we grow bacteria, in a lab?

A

in a nutrient broth solution

as colonies on an agar gel plate

84
Q

why do we grow bacteria in sterile conditions?

A

to prevent contamination

85
Q

what are uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms used for?

A

investigating the action of disinfectants and antibiotics

86
Q

why are petri dishes and culture media sterilised before use?

A

to prevent contamination

87
Q

how do we sterilise inoculating loops?

A

pass them through a flame, this is done to prevent contamination

88
Q

why do we store agar plates upside down?

A

to prevent contamination dripping on the bacteria and destroying the culture

89
Q

what temperature are bacterial cultures grown at in schools?

A

25 degrees C

90
Q

why do schools not incubate bacterial cultures above 25 degrees C?

A

to prevent growth of pathogenic bacteria

91
Q

what is the equation to calculate the area of a zone of clearance?

A

pi r squared

92
Q

what are chromosomes made from?

A

dna

93
Q

what are the sections of dna known as?

A

genes

94
Q

what happens to a cell during the cell cycle?

A

the genetic material is doubled and the divided into two identical cells

95
Q

what must a cell do before it can divide?

A

it needs to grow and increase the number of sub-cellular structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria.
the dna replicates go form two copies of each chromosome

96
Q

which type of cell division produces two genetically identical cells and is used for growth and development of multi-cellular organisms?

A

mitosis

97
Q

what is a stem cell?

A

an undifferentiated cell of an organism which is capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type

98
Q

how can stem cells from human embryos be useful?

A

stem cells from human embryos can be cloned and made to differentiate into most types of human cells

99
Q

how can stem cells from human bone marrow be useful?

A

stem cells from human bone marrow can form many types of cells including blood cells

100
Q

what is meristem tissue?

A

tissue in plants that differentiate into any type of plant cell, throughout the life of a plant

101
Q

what conditions can be treated using stem cells?

A

diabetes and paralysis

102
Q

what is therapeutic cloning?

A

an embryo is produced with the same genes as the patient.

stem cells from the embryo are not rejected by the patients body, so they may be used for medical treatment

103
Q

name some objections that people may have to the use of stem cells to treat disease

A

potential risks- viral infection
ethical objections
religious objections

104
Q

give two advantages of cloning plants using meristems

A

quick and economic

105
Q

why are rare plant species cloned?

A

protect against extinction

106
Q

why are crop plants cloned?

A

they may have special features such as disease resistance

107
Q

define diffusion

A

the spreading out of the particles of any substance in solution or particles of a gas, resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

108
Q

give two examples of diffusion

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide in gas exchange

urea from cells into the blood plasma for excretion in the kidney

109
Q

what three factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A

difference in concentration
temperature
surface area of membrane

110
Q

why is having a large surface area to volume ratio advantageous to single cellar organisms?

A

allows sufficient transport of molecules into and out of the cell to meet the needs of the organism

111
Q

how is the effectiveness of an exchange surface increased?

A

having a large surface area
having a thin membrane to provide a short diffusion path
having an efficient blood supply, to maintain the concentration gradient
being ventilated, to maintain the concentration gradient

112
Q

what type of molecules move by osmosis?

A

water

113
Q

define osmosis

A

the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

114
Q

what is active transport?

A

it moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution ( against the concentration gradient)
this requires energy from respiration

115
Q

give an example of active transport in plants

A

allows mineral ions to be absorbed into root plant hairs from very dilute solutions in the soil

116
Q

why do plants need mineral ions?

A

healthy growth

117
Q

give an example of active transport in animals

A

allows sugar molecules to be absorbed from lower concentration in the gut into the blood which has a higher sugar concentration

118
Q

what are sugar molecules used for?

A

respiration

Biology (7 decks)

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