B2/Organisation Flashcards
1
Q
finsih the sentence.
cells are the…
A
building blocks of all living organisms
2
Q
what is the definition of a tissue?
A
a group of cells with a similar structure and function
3
Q
what is an organelle?
A
a specialised unit within a cell which performs a specific function
4
Q
what’s the definition of an organ?
A
aggregations of tissues performing specific functions
5
Q
what’s the definition of an organism?
A
organs organised into organ systems working together
6
Q
what is the digestive system?
A
an example of an oven a system in which several organs work together to divest and absorb food
7
Q
what is metabolism?
A
energy to fuel the chemical reactions in your body to keep you alive
8
Q
what factors can effect enzyme activity?
A
pH and temperature
9
Q
explain the lock and key model
A
enzyme: lock
substrate: key
fit together in order to open (break down) substrate into product.
active sit show fits perfectly to the substrate
10
Q
where is amylase produced?
A
salivary glands
pancreas
small intestine
11
Q
where is protease produced?
A
stomach
pancreas
small intestine
12
Q
where is lipase produced?
A
pancreas
small intestine
13
Q
what does amylase break down?
A
starch
14
Q
what does protease break down?
A
proteins
15
Q
what does lipase break down?
A
lipids (fats)
16
Q
what do digestive enzymes convert food into?
A
small soluble molecules
17
Q
what is amylase an example of?
A
a carbohydrase
18
Q
where is bile made?
A
in the liver
19
Q
where is bile stored?
A
gall bladder
20
Q
what are the product of digestion used for?
A
to build new carbohydrase, lipids and proteins; some glucose is used in respiration
21
Q
what does bile do to fat and stomach acid?
A
emulsified dad and neutralises hydrochloric acid from the stomach
22
Q
what can increase the rate of fat breakdown?
A
large surface area
alkaline conditions
23
Q
how do you test for starch?
A
issuing iodine- orange is starch is not present
black/blue if starch is present
24
Q
how do you rest for glucose?
A
using Benedict’s solution- blue if not present
red/brown is present
25
how do you test for protein?
buiret- blue if not present
| purple if present
26
how are the lungs adapted for gaseous exchange?
enclosed in the thorax, surrounded and protected by 12 pairs of ribs
moved by two sets of intercostal muscle
a muscular diaphragm below
sealed within two airtight pleural membranes
27
what is the hearts function?
an organ that pumps blood around the body in double circulatory system
28
define the trachea
the windpipe- leads from the nose and mouth to the two bronchi
29
define bronchioles
smaller tubes inside the lungs- leading from the bronchus to the aveoli
30
define alveoli
tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles, where gas exchange happens
31
what is a pacemaker?
electrical device used to correct irregularities in the heart
32
how is resting heart rate controlled?
a group of cells in the right atrium act as a pacemaker
33
what is the function of veins?
carry blood towards the heat from the lungs
34
what is the function of the arteries?
carry blood away from the heart to working muscles
35
what is the function of capillaries?
allow nutrients and oxygen to diffuse to cells while waste is suffused from cells
36
how is the capillary adapted to carry out its function?
thin walls
| only one cell thick to allow nutrients and gases in and out
37
how are the arteries adapted to carry out it’s function?
thick outer walls
| thick layers of muscle and elastic fibres because of blood under high pressure
38
how are the veins adapted to carry out it’s function?
thin walls
thin layers of muscle and elastic fibres
valves to prevent back-flow of blood
39
what are the advantages of treating cardiovascular diseases with drugs?
less risk
| no surgery involved
40
what are the advantages of treating cardiovascular diseases with biological and mechanical devices?
very strong, last a lifetime (mechanical devices)
| don’t damage red blood cells as they only pass through valves (biological)
41
what are the disadvantages of treating cardiovascular diseases with biological and mechanical devices?
prone to becoming hardened over the years (biological devices)
require patients to take anti blood clotting drugs for the rest of their life (mechanical devices)
42
what are the advantages of treating cardiovascular diseases with transplants?
reduces reliance on continual medicine
| provided person with a better quality of life after transplant
43
what are the disadvantages of treating cardiovascular disease with drugs?
side effects from the drugs
| relying on patient to take them everyday
44
what are the disadvantages of treating cardiovascular diseases with transplants?
high risk operation
expensive
limited supply of donors
45
what is coronary heart disease?
build up of fatty material inside coronary arteries narrowing them
46
what are stents?
a small mesh tube that’s used to treat narrow or weak arteries
47
what are statins?
help to lower blood cholesterol
| reduce rate of which fatty materials build up
48
what is the consequence of having a faulty heart valve?
a leak can develop or prevent a valve from opening fully
49
what do heart valves do?
prevent back flow of blood
50
what are artificial hearts sometimes used for?
keep patients alive whilst waiting for a heart transplant
51
define health
the state of physical and metal well being
52
what are some of the main causes of ill health?
lifestyle choices; smoking drinking exercise
| substances in the body or environment
53
what can defects in the immune system lead to?
the individual suffering from an infectious disease
54
what can viruses in living cells lead to?
cancer
55
what can immune reactions lead to?
allergies such as skin rashes or asthma
56
what can severe physical ill health lead to?
depression and other mental illnesses
57
give some examples of some non-communicable diseases
cancer
coronary heart disease
brain disease
58
give some examples of communicable disease
chicken pox
measles
HIV
gonorrhoea
59
state some risk factors that can lead to contracting a disease
diet
exercise
smoking
environmental conditions
60
are diseases caused by various or single factors?
various factors
61
explain the correlation between smoking and exercise on cardiovascular disease
the more you smoke the more likely you are to have cardiovascular disease
the more you exercise the less likely you are to have cardiovascular disease
62
what is a correlation?
a relationship or capsular link between two or more variables
63
explain the correlation between obesity and type 2 diabetes
if a person is classed as obese they are more likely to have type 2 diabetes
64
explain the correlation between alcohol and liver/brain function
the more alcohol a person drinks the less the brain and liver will function
65
explain the correlation between smoking and alcohol on unborn babies
the more cigarettes smoked the higher the change of premature birth
66
explain the correlation between carcinogens and cancer
the higher the level carcinogens the higher the risk of cancer
67
what is cancer?
the result in changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division
68
what is a benign tumour?
growths which are abnormal cells which are contained in one area, usually within the membrane.
they do not invade other parts of the body
69
what is a malignant tumour?
these rumours are cancerous
they invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary tumours
70
state some lifestyle and genetic risks associated with cancer
family history of cancer
| smoking, drinking excessively
71
what is the function of the epidermal tissue?
to allow more light to reach the palisade cells
72
what is the function of the palisade tissue?
to absorb light used for photosynthesis
73
what is the function of the spongy mesophyll?
air spaces to allow carbon dioxide to diffuse through the leaf and increase the surface area
74
what is the function of the xylem?
movement of water and mineral ions though a plant from its roots to its leaves
75
what is the function of the phloem?
transports dissolves sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant.
this movement is called translocation
76
where are meristem tissues found?
growing tips of shoots and roots
77
give an example of a plant organ
leaf
stem
petal
root
78
how are the xylem cells adapted to carry out their function?
strengthened with lignin
| hollow tubes to transport water
79
how are phloem cells adapted to carry out their function?
composed of elongated cells so that cell sap can move from one phloem cell to the next through pores in the end walls
80
how are roof hair cells adapted to carry out their functions?
large surface area to absorb as much water as possible
| thin membrane to allow water and minerals through
81
how does changing the temperature effect the rate of transpiration?
transpiration is faster in higher temperatures
82
how does changing the humidity effect the rate of transpiration?
transpiration is slower in humid conditions
83
how does changing the light intensity effect the rate of transpiration?
in bright light transpiration increases
84
what is the function of the stomata?
to control gas exchange and water loss
85
how is the stomata adapted to carry out it’s function?
```
thin membrane
sunken fo prevent water loss
controlled by guard cells to control transpiration
turgid- swollen
flaccid- shrunken
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