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Biology > B2/Organisation > Flashcards

B2/Organisation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

finsih the sentence.

cells are the…

A

building blocks of all living organisms

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2
Q

what is the definition of a tissue?

A

a group of cells with a similar structure and function

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3
Q

what is an organelle?

A

a specialised unit within a cell which performs a specific function

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4
Q

what’s the definition of an organ?

A

aggregations of tissues performing specific functions

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5
Q

what’s the definition of an organism?

A

organs organised into organ systems working together

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6
Q

what is the digestive system?

A

an example of an oven a system in which several organs work together to divest and absorb food

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7
Q

what is metabolism?

A

energy to fuel the chemical reactions in your body to keep you alive

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8
Q

what factors can effect enzyme activity?

A

pH and temperature

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9
Q

explain the lock and key model

A

enzyme: lock
substrate: key

fit together in order to open (break down) substrate into product.
active sit show fits perfectly to the substrate

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10
Q

where is amylase produced?

A

salivary glands
pancreas
small intestine

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11
Q

where is protease produced?

A

stomach
pancreas
small intestine

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12
Q

where is lipase produced?

A

pancreas

small intestine

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13
Q

what does amylase break down?

A

starch

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14
Q

what does protease break down?

A

proteins

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15
Q

what does lipase break down?

A

lipids (fats)

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16
Q

what do digestive enzymes convert food into?

A

small soluble molecules

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17
Q

what is amylase an example of?

A

a carbohydrase

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18
Q

where is bile made?

A

in the liver

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19
Q

where is bile stored?

A

gall bladder

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20
Q

what are the product of digestion used for?

A

to build new carbohydrase, lipids and proteins; some glucose is used in respiration

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21
Q

what does bile do to fat and stomach acid?

A

emulsified dad and neutralises hydrochloric acid from the stomach

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22
Q

what can increase the rate of fat breakdown?

A

large surface area

alkaline conditions

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23
Q

how do you test for starch?

A

issuing iodine- orange is starch is not present

black/blue if starch is present

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24
Q

how do you rest for glucose?

A

using Benedict’s solution- blue if not present

red/brown is present

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25
Q

how do you test for protein?

A

buiret- blue if not present

purple if present

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26
Q

how are the lungs adapted for gaseous exchange?

A

enclosed in the thorax, surrounded and protected by 12 pairs of ribs
moved by two sets of intercostal muscle
a muscular diaphragm below
sealed within two airtight pleural membranes

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27
Q

what is the hearts function?

A

an organ that pumps blood around the body in double circulatory system

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28
Q

define the trachea

A

the windpipe- leads from the nose and mouth to the two bronchi

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29
Q

define bronchioles

A

smaller tubes inside the lungs- leading from the bronchus to the aveoli

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30
Q

define alveoli

A

tiny air sacs at the end of bronchioles, where gas exchange happens

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31
Q

what is a pacemaker?

A

electrical device used to correct irregularities in the heart

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32
Q

how is resting heart rate controlled?

A

a group of cells in the right atrium act as a pacemaker

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33
Q

what is the function of veins?

A

carry blood towards the heat from the lungs

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34
Q

what is the function of the arteries?

A

carry blood away from the heart to working muscles

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35
Q

what is the function of capillaries?

A

allow nutrients and oxygen to diffuse to cells while waste is suffused from cells

36
Q

how is the capillary adapted to carry out its function?

A

thin walls

only one cell thick to allow nutrients and gases in and out

37
Q

how are the arteries adapted to carry out it’s function?

A

thick outer walls

thick layers of muscle and elastic fibres because of blood under high pressure

38
Q

how are the veins adapted to carry out it’s function?

A

thin walls
thin layers of muscle and elastic fibres
valves to prevent back-flow of blood

39
Q

what are the advantages of treating cardiovascular diseases with drugs?

A

less risk

no surgery involved

40
Q

what are the advantages of treating cardiovascular diseases with biological and mechanical devices?

A

very strong, last a lifetime (mechanical devices)

don’t damage red blood cells as they only pass through valves (biological)

41
Q

what are the disadvantages of treating cardiovascular diseases with biological and mechanical devices?

A

prone to becoming hardened over the years (biological devices)
require patients to take anti blood clotting drugs for the rest of their life (mechanical devices)

42
Q

what are the advantages of treating cardiovascular diseases with transplants?

A

reduces reliance on continual medicine

provided person with a better quality of life after transplant

43
Q

what are the disadvantages of treating cardiovascular disease with drugs?

A

side effects from the drugs

relying on patient to take them everyday

44
Q

what are the disadvantages of treating cardiovascular diseases with transplants?

A

high risk operation
expensive
limited supply of donors

45
Q

what is coronary heart disease?

A

build up of fatty material inside coronary arteries narrowing them

46
Q

what are stents?

A

a small mesh tube that’s used to treat narrow or weak arteries

47
Q

what are statins?

A

help to lower blood cholesterol

reduce rate of which fatty materials build up

48
Q

what is the consequence of having a faulty heart valve?

A

a leak can develop or prevent a valve from opening fully

49
Q

what do heart valves do?

A

prevent back flow of blood

50
Q

what are artificial hearts sometimes used for?

A

keep patients alive whilst waiting for a heart transplant

51
Q

define health

A

the state of physical and metal well being

52
Q

what are some of the main causes of ill health?

A

lifestyle choices; smoking drinking exercise

substances in the body or environment

53
Q

what can defects in the immune system lead to?

A

the individual suffering from an infectious disease

54
Q

what can viruses in living cells lead to?

A

cancer

55
Q

what can immune reactions lead to?

A

allergies such as skin rashes or asthma

56
Q

what can severe physical ill health lead to?

A

depression and other mental illnesses

57
Q

give some examples of some non-communicable diseases

A

cancer
coronary heart disease
brain disease

58
Q

give some examples of communicable disease

A

chicken pox
measles
HIV
gonorrhoea

59
Q

state some risk factors that can lead to contracting a disease

A

diet
exercise
smoking
environmental conditions

60
Q

are diseases caused by various or single factors?

A

various factors

61
Q

explain the correlation between smoking and exercise on cardiovascular disease

A

the more you smoke the more likely you are to have cardiovascular disease
the more you exercise the less likely you are to have cardiovascular disease

62
Q

what is a correlation?

A

a relationship or capsular link between two or more variables

63
Q

explain the correlation between obesity and type 2 diabetes

A

if a person is classed as obese they are more likely to have type 2 diabetes

64
Q

explain the correlation between alcohol and liver/brain function

A

the more alcohol a person drinks the less the brain and liver will function

65
Q

explain the correlation between smoking and alcohol on unborn babies

A

the more cigarettes smoked the higher the change of premature birth

66
Q

explain the correlation between carcinogens and cancer

A

the higher the level carcinogens the higher the risk of cancer

67
Q

what is cancer?

A

the result in changes in cells that lead to uncontrolled growth and division

68
Q

what is a benign tumour?

A

growths which are abnormal cells which are contained in one area, usually within the membrane.
they do not invade other parts of the body

69
Q

what is a malignant tumour?

A

these rumours are cancerous
they invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body in the blood where they form secondary tumours

70
Q

state some lifestyle and genetic risks associated with cancer

A

family history of cancer

smoking, drinking excessively

71
Q

what is the function of the epidermal tissue?

A

to allow more light to reach the palisade cells

72
Q

what is the function of the palisade tissue?

A

to absorb light used for photosynthesis

73
Q

what is the function of the spongy mesophyll?

A

air spaces to allow carbon dioxide to diffuse through the leaf and increase the surface area

74
Q

what is the function of the xylem?

A

movement of water and mineral ions though a plant from its roots to its leaves

75
Q

what is the function of the phloem?

A

transports dissolves sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant.
this movement is called translocation

76
Q

where are meristem tissues found?

A

growing tips of shoots and roots

77
Q

give an example of a plant organ

A

leaf
stem
petal
root

78
Q

how are the xylem cells adapted to carry out their function?

A

strengthened with lignin

hollow tubes to transport water

79
Q

how are phloem cells adapted to carry out their function?

A

composed of elongated cells so that cell sap can move from one phloem cell to the next through pores in the end walls

80
Q

how are roof hair cells adapted to carry out their functions?

A

large surface area to absorb as much water as possible

thin membrane to allow water and minerals through

81
Q

how does changing the temperature effect the rate of transpiration?

A

transpiration is faster in higher temperatures

82
Q

how does changing the humidity effect the rate of transpiration?

A

transpiration is slower in humid conditions

83
Q

how does changing the light intensity effect the rate of transpiration?

A

in bright light transpiration increases

84
Q

what is the function of the stomata?

A

to control gas exchange and water loss

85
Q

how is the stomata adapted to carry out it’s function?

A 
thin membrane
sunken fo prevent water loss
controlled by guard cells to control transpiration 
turgid- swollen
flaccid- shrunken

Biology (7 decks)

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