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Biology > B3 Disease > Flashcards

B3 Disease Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is health?

A

Health is not just an absence of disease but a state of physical and mental wellbeing

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2
Q

What are non-communicable diseases?

A

Not passed from one person to another and not caused by a pathogen

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3
Q

What are examples of non-communicable diseases?

A

Depression, cancer, asthma, cardiovascular disease

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4
Q

What are similarities between bacteria and viruses?

A

Both pathogens
Both rapidly reproduce inside the body
Cause the majority of communicable diseases in humans

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5
Q

What are the differences between bacteria and viruses?

A

Bacteria divide by binary fission and produce toxins and poisons that make you feel ill
Viruses are smaller than bacteria and live and reproduce inside body cells damaging or destroying them

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6
Q

What type of disease is measles?

A

Viral

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7
Q

What are symptoms of measles?

A

Fever, red skin, rash, blindness, brain damage, death

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8
Q

How is measles transmitted?

A

Inhalation of droplets from coughs and sneezes

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9
Q

How is measles treated?

A

No treatment but can be vaccinated against it

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10
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

Can be passed from person to person

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11
Q

What are examples of communicable diseases?

A

Flu, cold, measles, smallpox, influenza

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12
Q

What type of disease is HIV?

A

Viral

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13
Q

What are symptoms of HIV?

A

Flu-like symptoms, damages immune system

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14
Q

How is HIV spread?

A

Sexual contact and exchanging of bodily fluids

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15
Q

How can HIV be prevented and treated?

A

Can be prevented by using condoms and preventing sharing of needles
Antiretroviral drugs can help prevent developing AIDs

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16
Q

What type of disease is salmonella?

A

Bacterial

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17
Q

What are symptoms of salmonella?

A

Fever, cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea

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18
Q

How is salmonella transmitted?

A

Eating raw food or food prepared in unhygienic conditions

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19
Q

How is salmonella prevented and treated?

A

Food must be cooked correctly and poultry are now vaccinated against it.

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20
Q

What type of disease is gonorrhoea?

A

Bacterial

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21
Q

What are symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

Pain while urinating, green/ yellow discharge

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22
Q

How is gonorrhoea transmitted?

A

Unprotected sexual contact with an infected person

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23
Q

How is gonorrhoea prevented/ treated?

A

Antibodies

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24
Q

What type of disease is athletes foot?

A

Fungal

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25
Q

What are symptoms of athletes foot?

A

Itchy foot, rash

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26
Q

How is athletes foot spread?

A

Contact with infected particles or skin

27
Q

How can athletes foot be prevented and treated?

A

Antifungal drugs

28
Q

How are common diseases spread?

A

Coughing/ sneezing, sharing of needles, through water, contact with the disease on surface/ in air, faeces, sexual contact

29
Q

What are the 3 main ways pathogens are spread?

A

Air, direct contact, water

30
Q

How do you prevent spread of airborne diseases?

A

Wash hands frequently, use a tissue, sneeze into elbow or handkerchief

31
Q

How do you prevent spread of diseases by direct contact?

A

Don’t share needles, use condoms

32
Q

How do you prevent spread of diseases through water?

A

Make sure food is cooked, don’t use open sewers, make sure water is clean

33
Q

What is tobacco mosaic virus and how is it spread?

A

Viral disease which causes a mosaic pattern on the leaf, causing less photosynthesis and reduced growth
Spread by contact between diseased plant material and healthy plants and insects can also transmit
Can be controlled using TMV resistant strains as well as good field hygiene and pest control

34
Q

What is rose black spot and how can it be spread?

A

Fungal disease which causes purple or black spots on leaves, leaves can turn yellow and drop early. Weakens the plant by reducing area for photosynthesis.
Fungal spores are spread by wind and water and can be treated by removing and burning infected leaves as well as using fungicides.

35
Q

What is malaria?

A

The result of a single celled parasite called a protist. It spends part of its time in a human and part of its cycle in a female mosquito. The protist reproduce sexually in the mosquito and asexually in humans. The mosquito carries the parasite which means it is a vector of the disease. The female lays her eggs by feeding on human blood which is when the protist is passed onto the human. The protist is carried in the blood and infects the liver first and then red blood cells.

36
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria?

A

When the protist bursts out of the red blood cells, symptoms of shaking and fever are caused and can be fatal

37
Q

What are ways to prevent malaria?

A

Antimalarial medicines, insect repellents, mosquito nets, long sleeved clothing

38
Q

What is a vector?

A

An animal which carries a disease

39
Q

What are microorganisms?

A

Bacteria, fungi, viruses, protists. They need food, water and warmth to grow

40
Q

What is the aseptic technique?

A

Incubate at 25 degrees C to reduce the chance of growing any pathogens which can be harmful to humans

41
Q

How do we calculate bacteria at the end of a growth period?

A

Bacteria at beginning x 2 ^ number of divisions

42
Q

What are vaccines?

A

Contain a small amount of dead or weakened pathogen

43
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When a large proportion of a population are immune to a disease

44
Q

What are the bodies natural defence mechanisms?

A

Skin, lungs, stomach, eyes

45
Q

Skin

A

Forms a protective outer barrier and produces secretions to destroy bacteria

46
Q

Lungs

A

Trachea secretes mucus which traps pathogens and the cilia move the mucus back up to be swallowed

47
Q

Stomach

A

Contains hydrochloric acid to destroy microorganisms in mucus, food and drink

48
Q

Eyes

A

Produce tears to destroy microorganisms

49
Q

What do pathogens do?

A

Reproduce and make toxins which destroy the body’s cells and make you feel unwell

50
Q

What are painkillers?

A

Relieve the symptoms of an infection but do not kill the pathogen

51
Q

How do white blood cells destroy pathogens?

A

Phagocytosis
Antitoxin production
Antibody production

52
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The engulfing of microbes. Phagocytes engulf the microbes and break them down once they are inside the cell. The microbe is destroyed by powerful digestive enzymes, which are released within the cytoplasm of the white blood cell

53
Q

What is antibody production?

A

Lymphocytes can release antibodies which attach to an antigen on a microbe, leading to the microbe’s destruction

54
Q

What is antitoxin production?

A

Antitoxins neutralise the effects of toxins

55
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Comes from the body creating antibodies to a disease either by exposure to the disease or by vaccination

56
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Antibodies given to you by another organism e.g breast milk

57
Q

What is primary response?

A

A vaccine with a weakened form of measles virus results in the production of memory cells and antibodies

58
Q

What is secondary response?

A

When exposed to the virus naturally and infected, an individual can produce a higher amount of antibodies

59
Q

What are antiseptics?

A

Kill micro bodies in the environment

60
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Interact with cell wall of the bacteria meaning the bacteria will burst and get destroyed, does not affect eat your own cells
Does not work on viruses as they take over your own cells

61
Q

What are characteristics of drugs?

A

Dose
Efficacy
Toxicity

62
Q

What are the 4 stages of drug testing?

A

Computer modelling
Testing on cells and tissues
Testing on animals
Clinical trials

63
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A dummy drug which is given to some participants of the trial instead of a real drug

64
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

A trial where neither the patient nor the doctor knows who is getting the placebo or who is getting the real drug

Biology (16 decks)

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