B2 Organisation And The Digestive System Flashcards
What is a cell?
The basic building block of a living organism
What is a tissue?
A group of cells with similar structure and function working together
What is an organ?
A group of different tissues working together to carry out a specific function
What is an organ system?
A group of organs working together to perform specific functions
What is muscle tissue?
Contracts to allow movement
What is glandular tissue?
Produces hormones/ enzymes
What is epithelial tissue?
Lines the surfaces of organs for protection
What are the 9 human organ systems?
Skeletal
Respiratory
Nervous
Digestive
Circulatory
Endocrine
Excretory
Immune
Reproductive
What is the function of the circulatory system?
To transport blood around the body, giving oxygen and glucose to the body’s cells
What is the function of the nervous system?
Control the actions of the body and responses to the environment around it
What is digestion?
The body’s processing and consumption of food, food being broken down
What does the digestive system do?
It breaks down large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones which can be absorbed by the cells
Why do we need to digest food?
So that it can get properly broken down and it’s nutrients used for other bodily functions
What is ingestion?
Food being taken into the mouth
What is egestion?
Undigested food being removed from the body
What is the mouth?
Where the food enters, site of consumption
What is the oesophagus?
Food travels from the mouth down to the stomach in this pipe
What is the stomach?
Food is mixed with acid and broken down here
What is the small intestine?
The rest of the food is broken down and nutrients absorbed
What is the large intestine?
Water is absorbed from the waste matter back into the bloodstream
What is the rectum?
Faeces are stored here, a signal is sent to the brain to let it know that waste needs to be removed
What is the anus?
Undigested food leaves the body here
What is the liver?
Produces bile to help digest fat and filters out toxins
What is the gall bladder?
Stores bile from the liver and releases it into the small intestine
What is the pancreas?
Produces digestive enzymes to help digest fats, carbohydrates and proteins. Regulates blood sugar by producing insulin.
What is a kidney?
An organ designed to act as a filter to remove wastes and extra fluids from the body
What is an adaptation of the epidermal tissue?
Thin and transparent
What is the function of the epidermal tissue?
Allows more sunlight to reach the palisade cells
What is an adaptation of the palisade mesophyll?
Contains lots of chloroplasts, arranged vertically in a single layer near the top of the leaf
What is the function of the palisade mesophyll?
Absorbs more sunlight for photosynthesis
What is an adaptation of spongy mesophyll?
Irregularly hoped and contains many air spaces
What is the function of spongy mesophyll?
Increased surface area so gases can be exchanged
What is an adaptation of lower epidermal tissue?
Contains stomata surrounded by guard cells
What is the function of lower epidermal tissue?
Allows gases to diffuse, guard cells to open and close the stomata
What is an adaptation of vascular bundles?
Contains xylem and phloem
What is the function of vascular bundles?
Transports water and substances around the plant
What are chlorophyll?
They absorb sunlight
Why are leaves thin?
Reduced distance for carbon dioxide to diffuse in the leaf
What are xylem tubes?
Transports water in the plant
What are phloem tubes?
Transport food in the plant
What do stomata do?
Allow the exchange of gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide
What are guard cells?
Change shape to open and close the stomata
What is the waxy cuticle?
Prevents water loss through evaporation
Describe the movement in xylem cells
Xylem cells transport water and minerals in one direction only from the roots up the stem into the shoots and leaves
Describe the movement in phloem cells
Phloem cells transport sugars produced in the leaves up and down the stem to growing and storage tissues
What is translocation?
The movement of sugars through the phloem
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are biological catalysts which speed up reactions. They are proteins which speed up chemical reactions in the body without being used up in the rpocess