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Biology > B2 Organisation And The Digestive System > Flashcards

B2 Organisation And The Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a cell?

A

The basic building block of a living organism

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with similar structure and function working together

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3
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of different tissues working together to carry out a specific function

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4
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working together to perform specific functions

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5
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

Contracts to allow movement

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6
Q

What is glandular tissue?

A

Produces hormones/ enzymes

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7
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Lines the surfaces of organs for protection

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8
Q

What are the 9 human organ systems?

A

Skeletal
Respiratory
Nervous
Digestive
Circulatory
Endocrine
Excretory
Immune
Reproductive

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9
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A

To transport blood around the body, giving oxygen and glucose to the body’s cells

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10
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

Control the actions of the body and responses to the environment around it

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11
Q

What is digestion?

A

The body’s processing and consumption of food, food being broken down

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12
Q

What does the digestive system do?

A

It breaks down large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones which can be absorbed by the cells

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13
Q

Why do we need to digest food?

A

So that it can get properly broken down and it’s nutrients used for other bodily functions

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14
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Food being taken into the mouth

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15
Q

What is egestion?

A

Undigested food being removed from the body

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16
Q

What is the mouth?

A

Where the food enters, site of consumption

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17
Q

What is the oesophagus?

A

Food travels from the mouth down to the stomach in this pipe

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18
Q

What is the stomach?

A

Food is mixed with acid and broken down here

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19
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

The rest of the food is broken down and nutrients absorbed

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20
Q

What is the large intestine?

A

Water is absorbed from the waste matter back into the bloodstream

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21
Q

What is the rectum?

A

Faeces are stored here, a signal is sent to the brain to let it know that waste needs to be removed

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22
Q

What is the anus?

A

Undigested food leaves the body here

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23
Q

What is the liver?

A

Produces bile to help digest fat and filters out toxins

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24
Q

What is the gall bladder?

A

Stores bile from the liver and releases it into the small intestine

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25
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

Produces digestive enzymes to help digest fats, carbohydrates and proteins. Regulates blood sugar by producing insulin.

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26
Q

What is a kidney?

A

An organ designed to act as a filter to remove wastes and extra fluids from the body

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27
Q

What is an adaptation of the epidermal tissue?

A

Thin and transparent

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28
Q

What is the function of the epidermal tissue?

A

Allows more sunlight to reach the palisade cells

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29
Q

What is an adaptation of the palisade mesophyll?

A

Contains lots of chloroplasts, arranged vertically in a single layer near the top of the leaf

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30
Q

What is the function of the palisade mesophyll?

A

Absorbs more sunlight for photosynthesis

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31
Q

What is an adaptation of spongy mesophyll?

A

Irregularly hoped and contains many air spaces

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32
Q

What is the function of spongy mesophyll?

A

Increased surface area so gases can be exchanged

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33
Q

What is an adaptation of lower epidermal tissue?

A

Contains stomata surrounded by guard cells

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34
Q

What is the function of lower epidermal tissue?

A

Allows gases to diffuse, guard cells to open and close the stomata

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35
Q

What is an adaptation of vascular bundles?

A

Contains xylem and phloem

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36
Q

What is the function of vascular bundles?

A

Transports water and substances around the plant

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37
Q

What are chlorophyll?

A

They absorb sunlight

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38
Q

Why are leaves thin?

A

Reduced distance for carbon dioxide to diffuse in the leaf

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39
Q

What are xylem tubes?

A

Transports water in the plant

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40
Q

What are phloem tubes?

A

Transport food in the plant

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41
Q

What do stomata do?

A

Allow the exchange of gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide

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42
Q

What are guard cells?

A

Change shape to open and close the stomata

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43
Q

What is the waxy cuticle?

A

Prevents water loss through evaporation

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44
Q

Describe the movement in xylem cells

A

Xylem cells transport water and minerals in one direction only from the roots up the stem into the shoots and leaves

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45
Q

Describe the movement in phloem cells

A

Phloem cells transport sugars produced in the leaves up and down the stem to growing and storage tissues

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46
Q

What is translocation?

A

The movement of sugars through the phloem

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47
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts which speed up reactions. They are proteins which speed up chemical reactions in the body without being used up in the rpocess

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48
Q

What are proteins?

A

Molecules made up of long cabins of amino acids . Proteins are the main component of body tissues

49
Q

What is the lock?

A

The enzyme

50
Q

What is the key?

A

The substrate

51
Q

What is the lock and key theory?

A

Each reaction has its own specific enzyme. A key fits a lock so a substrate fits onto an enzyme’s active site

52
Q

What is the key hole?

A

The active site

53
Q

What factors affects how quickly an enzyme works?

A

Temperature
pH
Enzyme concentration
Substrate concentration
Surface area
Pressur

54
Q

What is the optimum?

A

The temperature and pH at which an enzyme works the best

55
Q

What does denatured mean?

A

If the temperature or pH changes too far beyond an enzyme’s optimum, the shape of the enzyme irreversibly changes . This affects the shape of the active site meaning the enemy e and substrate and enzyme can’t bind.

56
Q

How do we measure the rate of an enzyme catalysed reaction?

A

Measure the rate at which a substrate is used up or the rate at which the product is formed.

57
Q

What do carbohydrases do?

A

They break down carbohydrates into simple sugars

58
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Breaks down starch into glucose

59
Q

What does protease do?

A

Breaks down protein into amino acids.

60
Q

What does lipase do?

A

Breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

61
Q

Where are digestive enzymes produced?

A

In the digestive tract and pancreas

62
Q

Where do enzymes break down food molecules?

A

In the stomach and small intestine?

63
Q

What is amylase also produced by?

A

Pancreas

64
Q

Where is stretch broken down?

A

In the salivary glands and small intestine

65
Q

What is protease also produced by?

A

Pancreas

66
Q

Where are proteins broken down?

A

In the stomach and small intestine

67
Q

Where is lipase also produced?

A

Pancreas

68
Q

Where are lips broken down?

A

In the small intestine

69
Q

What happens when food enters the stomach?

A

Stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid from the stomach wall. Acidity of stomach is now pH2. This is the optimum pH for stomach enzymes

70
Q

Where is bile produced?

A

Liver

71
Q

What is bile?

A

It neutralises the stomach to create optimum pH for for enzymes in the small intestine
Emulsifies fats to in increase the surface area for efficiency

72
Q

What is important about double circulation?

A

Allows oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood to be kept separate
Ensure blood pressure is high enough to reach all parts of the body

73
Q

What is an example of single circulation?

A

Earthworms, fish

74
Q

What type of muscle is the heart made from?

A

Cardiac muscle

75
Q

How is oxygen supplied to the heart?

A

Coronary arteries

76
Q

What is the pacemaker?

A

Sends an electrical impulse to the heart muscle cells telling them to contract at the same time

77
Q

What is the flow of blood around the body?

A

Deoxygenated
Enters the right atrium via the Vena Cava
Drops into right ventricle
Heart to lungs via the pulmonary artery
Oxygenated
Lungs to heart via pulmonary vein
Left atrium
Left ventricle
Body

78
Q

What are the arteries?

A

Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart at high pressure. Have strong, thick walls and no valves

79
Q

What are veins?

A

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart at low pressure. Has valves to prevent back flow and thin walls.

80
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Connect arteries to veins, very thin walls, low pressure, no valves.

81
Q

What are stents?

A

Widen narrow arteries to allow blood to flow around the body. Stents are metal grids that are placed in an artery. A catheter with a balloon is inserted into a blood vessel. The balloon is inflated at the narrow section of the artery.

82
Q

What are positives of stents?

A

Lowers risk of heart attack
Works for a long period of time
Recovery time is quite short

83
Q

What are the negatives of stents?

A

Risk of blood clot near the stent
Complications during surgery
Risk of infection

84
Q

What is a heart transplant?

A

If the heart is severely damaged, a heart transplant can save lives but needs an exact match, drugs and there is a risk of infection

85
Q

What are statins?

A

Lower amount of cholesterol in the blood, helps prevent blood clots and heart attacks. Can cause sickness, liver failure or skeletal damage.

86
Q

What is Coronary Heart Disease?

A

A condition where fatty deposits build up in the coronary arteries causing the vessels to narrow and a subsequent reduction in blood flow. Affects supply of oxygen and glucose.

87
Q

What are risk factors of CHD?

A

Older, smoking, overweight, stress, inactive

88
Q

What are risk factors for high blood pressure?

A

Genetics, stress, smoking, alcohol, overweight

89
Q

What are the 3 valves?

A

Tricuspid, bicuspid, semi-lunar

90
Q

What splits the heart chambers?

A

The septum

91
Q

What are the 2 circulatory transport systems?

A

Pulmonary and systemic

92
Q

How many litres of blood does the average adult have?

A

4-6 litres

93
Q

What are some functions of blood?

A

Thermoregulation, defence, transport, maintaining pH of body fluids

94
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

Yellow fluid, 55% of blood, transports substances

95
Q

What are red blood cell features?

A

Larges surface area to volume ratio, biconcave shape, haemoglobin, no nucleus, wider than capillary

96
Q

What is Hb?

A

A large protein molecule folded around 4 iron atoms. Haemoglobin combine with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin

97
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

Help fight disease and infection

98
Q

What are platelets?

A

Help form blood clots

99
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Engulf bacteria

100
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Make antibodies to target pathogens

101
Q

How much of inhaled hair is oxygen?

A

21%

102
Q

How much of exhaled air is oxygen?

A

16%

103
Q

How much of inhaled air is carbon dioxide?

A

0.04%

104
Q

How much of exhaled air is carbon dioxide?

A

4%

105
Q

How much of inhaled air is nitrogen?

A

78%

106
Q

How much of exhaled air is nitrogen?

A

78%

107
Q

What other component makes up inhaled and exhaled air?

A

Water vapour

108
Q

What are alveoli adaptations?

A

Well ventilated, efficient blood supply, thin wall, moist lining

109
Q

What is the process of inhalation?

A

Intercostal muscles contract
Ribs move upwards and outwards
Diaphragm contracts and flattens
Volume of thorax increases
Pressure of thorax decreases
Pressure outside the lungs is greater than inside
Air moves into the lungs

110
Q

What is the process of exhalation?

A

Intercostal muscles relax
Ribs move down and inwards
Diaphragm relaxes and moves up
Volume of the thorax decreases
Pressure of thorax increases
Pressure inside the lungs is greater than outside
Air moves out of the lungs

111
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

The build up of fatty material/ atheroma in the arteries

112
Q

What is angina?

A

Pain or discomfort in the chest

113
Q

What are artificial valves?

A

Device implanted into the heart to replace a faulty valve
Lasts 20-30 years with no rejection
Medicine needed to prevent blood from clotting

114
Q

What are biological valves?

A

Based on animal valves form animal or human donors
Can harden and need replacing after 12-15 years
No need for blood thinning drugs

115
Q

What is bypass surgery?

A

Transplants a vein from the leg to divert blood
Very effective
Major surgery

116
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The evaporation and diffusion of water from inside the leaves

117
Q

What are communicable diseases?

A

Caused by pathogens and can be spread from one person to another

118
Q

What are non-communicable diseases?

A

Not passed from one to another

Biology (16 decks)

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