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GCSE OCR Gateway Biology > B3 > Flashcards

B3 Flashcards

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1
Q

List the coordination of response in the correct order.

A

Stimulus - Receptor - Sensory Neurone - CNS -

Motor Neurone - Effector - Response

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2
Q

How do neurones transmit information?

A

Electrical Impulses.

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3
Q

What do neurones have to connect with other neurones?

A

Branched endings (dentrites).

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4
Q

What surrounds axons? What is their use?

A

A fatty (myelin) sheath. This acts as an electrical insulator, speeding up the electrical impulse.

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5
Q

Explain why long neurones are adapted instead of shorter ones.

A

Connecting several neurones slow the impulse down.

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6
Q

What is the connection between two neurones called?

A

A synapse.

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7
Q

Describe the transmission of electrical impulses.

A
  1. Impulse triggers transmitter chemicals, which diffuse over the gap.
  2. Chemicals bind to receptor molecules of the next neurone. New electrical impulse made.
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8
Q

What is the function of reflex actions?

A

They have a protective role.

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9
Q

Which parts of the eye refract light into the eye?

A

Cornea, Lens

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10
Q

State the difference between cone and rod cells.

A

Cone cells are sensitive to different colors,

Rod cells are sensitive to dim light.

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11
Q

Describe the relations between suspensory ligaments and ciliary muscles. (Talk about near/ far view)

A

They work together to alter the shape of the lens.
Distant: Ciliary muscle relax, suspensory ligament tense
-light refracted less
Close: Ciliary muscle contracts, suspensory ligament relaxes.
-light refracted more

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the optic nerve?

A

To carry impulses from the receptors to the brain.

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13
Q

Which part of the eye is covered with light sensitive cells?

A

Retina.

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14
Q

Elaborate on the type of lens a short-sighted person should use.

A

Concave lens. Refracts light further back onto the retina.

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15
Q

What causes long-sightedness?

A

When the lens doesn’t bend enough or the eyeball is too short. The image forms behind the retina.

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16
Q

What is the most common form of colorblindness?

A

Red-green colorblindness.

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17
Q

What adaptations can be used to help people see colors regularly?

A

Tinted lenses.

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18
Q

Where is the cerebrum located at and what is it responsible for?

A

At the front part of the brain.

Consciousness, intelligence, memory, language

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19
Q

Which part of the brain maintains body temperature and produces hormones that control the pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamus.

20
Q

What does the Pituitary gland do?

A

Produce important hormones.

21
Q

What is the purpose for the Medulla?

A

It controls unconscious activities, like breathing and heart rate.

22
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for muscle coordination?

A

Cerebellum.

23
Q

State two problems with studying brain functions.

A
  1. Unethical,, informed consent needed

2. fMRI scanner results unrelated to healthy conditions.

24
Q

Where are hormones made and released?

A

Endocrine glands. Directly into the blood.

25
Q

What and how does Adrenaline prepare the body for action?

A

‘Fight or Flight’ situation: Increasing the supply of oxygen and glucose to cells.

26
Q

Describe an example of the body using a negative feedback system.

A

Thyroxine. This regulates the metabolic rate,, keeping it at the right level. When level of thyroxine is higher than normal, secretion of TSH inhibited. Level of the blood falls back to normal.

27
Q

What is Testosterone?

A

The main male sex hormone.

Produced in the testes.

28
Q

What is Oestrogen?

A

The main female sex hormone.

Produced in the ovaries, promotes female sexual characteristics.

29
Q

What is Progesterone?

A

Produced in the ovaries. Supports pregnancy and involved in the menstrual cycle.

30
Q

What hormones released from the pituitary gland in the brain are involved with the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH (Follicle- Stimulating Hormone)

LH (Luteinising Hormone)

31
Q

What happens at stage 1 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menstruation starts. The uterus lining breaks down and is released.

32
Q

What happens at stage 2 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The lining of the uterus builds up again into a thick spongy layer ready to receive eggs.

33
Q

What happens at stage 3 of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovulation occurs.

34
Q

What happens at stage 4 of the menstrual cycle?

A

The lining is maintained for 14 days.

The lining will break down if the egg is not fertilized.

35
Q

What does FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone) do?

A

Matures egg.

Stimulates ovaries to produce Oestrogen.

36
Q

What does Oestrogen do?

A

Thicken and grow the lining.

Stimulates LH, Inhibits FSH so only one egg is released.

37
Q

What does LH (Luteinising Hormone) do?

A

Stimulates the release of an egg at day 14.

Indirectly stimulates progesterone.

38
Q

What does Progesterone do?

A

Maintains the lining of the uterus.

When the level of progesterone falls and there’s a low oestrogen level, the lining breaks down.

39
Q

Explain how hormones may be used to promote a natural pregnancy in an infertile woman.

A

FSH and LH can be injected to stimulate ovulation.

40
Q

Give one reason why a woman may prefer to use a diaphragm rather than an oral contraceptive.

A
  • side effects

- inconvenience to take pill daily

41
Q

Give two advantages of using an intrauterine device (IUD) as a contraceptive method rather than male condoms.

A
  • more effective
  • longer acting
  • low malfunction rate
42
Q

What are Auxins and how are they transported throughout plants?

A

Plant hormones which control growth at the tips of shoots and roots. Move through plant in solution.

43
Q

What are Auxins involved in?

A

Promoting growth in the shoot and inhibiting growth in the root.

44
Q

Are shoots positively phototropic or gravitropic?

A

Phototropic.

45
Q
A

When a shoot tip is exposed to light, it accumulates more auxin on the shady side. Cells elongate faster and plant bends towards light.

GCSE OCR Gateway Biology (6 decks)

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