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GCSE OCR Gateway Biology > B2 > Flashcards

B2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain why a cell’s DNA is replicated during the cell cycle.

A

When the cell divides during mitosis, the two new cells will contain identical DNA.

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2
Q

What is mitosis?

A

When a cell reproduces by splitting to form two identical offspring.

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3
Q

What is differentiation?

A

When a cell changes to become specialized for its job.

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4
Q

What are palisade leaf cells and what elements do they contain?

A

They do most of the photosynthesis in plants and are packed with chloroplasts. They have a large surface area to absorb CO2.

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5
Q

What features do sperm cells have?

A

Long tails and streamlined heads to help them swim.
Lots of mitochondria to provide them with energy.
Enzymes in their heads to digest through the egg cell membrane.

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6
Q

What do sperm cells do?

A

To transport male DNA to female DNA during reproduction.

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7
Q

What can Stem cells do?

A

Differentiate into different types of cells to perform specialized jobs.

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8
Q

What are the limitations to adult stem cells?

A

They are only found in the bone marrow.
They cannot turn into any cell type at all.
They are used to replace damaged cells.

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9
Q

What can meristems do?

A

Produce unspecialized cells that are able to divide and form any cells. They can divide to generate for as long as the plant lives.

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10
Q

What can Meristems differentiate into?

A

Xylem and Phloem tissues.

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11
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from high to low concentration.

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12
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of particles against a concentration gradient. From a low concentration to high concentration.

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13
Q

What does active transport require to function?

A

ATP from respiration.

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14
Q

Give an example where active transport is used.

A

When plants absorb minerals they need from the soil.

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15
Q

Explain Osmosis.

A

The net movement of water molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration.

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16
Q

What can water potential represent?

A

It can tell you how concentrated a solution is.

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17
Q

Explain what turgor pressure does.

A

Helps support the plant tissues.

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18
Q

List three factors affecting the movement of substances.

A
  1. Surface area to volume ratio
  2. Temperature
  3. Concentration gradient
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19
Q

Explain the function of the lungs.

A

Transfer oxygen to the blood and remove waste carbon dioxide from it.

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20
Q

List examples of how alveoli are specialized to maximize the diffusion of oxygen.

A
  • enormous surface area (about 75m^2 in humans)
  • very thin walls
  • moist lining for dissolving gases
  • good blood supply
21
Q

Explain why it is beneficial for an exchange surface to be just one cell thick.

A

It means that the substances only have to travel short distances.

22
Q

How are leaves specialized to maximize the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A
  • broad, large surface area
  • thin, gases travel short distances
  • air spaces: lets gases move easily between cells
  • stomata: increase diffusion of gases
23
Q

How are plant roots adapted to be able to absorb lots of water and mineral ions from the soil?

A

-each branch of a root are covered in millions of microscopic hairs,, provides a larger surface area to absorb water and minerals

24
Q

List the advantages of having a double circulatory system.

A
  • blood can be pumped at a higher pressure so more oxygen can be delivered to the cells
  • help maintain body temperature
25
Q

Which chamber of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

A

Right ventricle

26
Q

Which chamber of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

A

Left ventricle.

27
Q

Describe the function of arteries.

A

Carry blood away from the heart.

28
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

They are involved with the exchange of materials at the tissues.

29
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood to the heart.

30
Q

What muscle is the heart made up of? And what do they contain of?

A

Cardiac muscle. They contain of loads of mitochondria to provide the cells with ATP.

31
Q

What is used to help keep the blood flowing in the right direction?

A

Valves.

32
Q

Describe the structure of arteries.

A
  • strong, elastic and thick walls
  • contain thick layers of muscle to make them strong
  • elastic fibres allow them to stretch and spring back
33
Q

Describe the structure of capillaries.

A
  • carry blood close to cells to exchange substances
  • permeable walls
  • walls are only one cell thick
34
Q

Describe the structure of Veins.

A
  • walls thinner than artery walls
  • bigger lumen to help blood flow
  • valves to keep blood flowing in right direction
35
Q

Give three examples of the contents in plasma

A

Red blood cells, water, digested food products, carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, antibodies

36
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to carry oxygen?

A
  • biconcave disc shape
  • haemoglobin, contains iron
  • no nucleus
  • small and flexible
37
Q

What do Phloem tubes transport?

A

Food

38
Q

Describe the structure of Phloem Tubes.

A

-made of living cells called sieve tube elements (companion cells due to having no nucleus)

39
Q

What is the direction of transport in Phloem vessels?

A

Both up and down the stem. This is known as translocation.

40
Q

What do Xylem tubes transport?

A

Water.

41
Q

Describe the structure of Xylem Tubes.

A
  • made of dead cells with no gaps in between and a hole down the middle.
  • thick side walls made up of cellulose strengthened by lignin
42
Q

What is the direction of transport in Xylem tubes?

A

Carry water and minerals up from the roots to the shoots to the leaves in the transpiration system.

43
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water from the plant.

44
Q

What causes transpiration and where does it usually happen?

A

Evaporation and diffusion of water. Happens at the leaves.

45
Q

State 3 or more benefits of plants having a constant transpiration stream.

A
  1. Keeps plant cool
  2. Constant supply of water for photosynthesis
  3. Turgor pressure to support plants
  4. Minerals brought in by soil
46
Q

What is transpiration rate affected by?

A
  1. Light intensity
  2. Temperature
  3. Air movement
47
Q

List 3 adaptations of leaves to help reduce water loss.

A
  1. Waxy cuticle - waterproof
  2. Stomata on lower surface - slow diffusion
  3. Fewer and smaller stomata
48
Q

What type of cells open and close stomata?

A

Guard cells.

49
Q

What can we use to estimate transpiration rate?

How can we estimate using the given data?

A

Potometer. Start stopwatch and record distance moved by bubble per unit time. Keep conditions constant. Make sure apparatus is watertight and airtight.

GCSE OCR Gateway Biology (6 decks)

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