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Additional Biology > B2.7 - Cell Division and Inheritance > Flashcards

B2.7 - Cell Division and Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

DNA = Deoxyribonucleic acid

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2
Q

Why is DNA important?

A

DNA is the key to an organism, for it contains all the instructions to put one together.

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3
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

DNA is found in the nucleus of plant and animal cells in chromosomes, large molecules of DNA with a double helix structure.

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4
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is a small section of DNA that contains the instructions to produce a particular protein.

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5
Q

How do genes affect proteins?

A

Genes code for a particular/specific protein by combining different amino acids in a different order to make the whole protein.

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6
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

There are around 20 amino acids.

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7
Q

How is DNA useful in fingerprinting?

A

Each person (apart from identical twins) has unique DNA, which can be used to identify individuals in DNA fingerprinting.

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8
Q

Whee is DNA fingerprinting used?

A

Forensics Paternity testing

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9
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is when a cell reproduces itself by splitting to form two identical offspring.

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10
Q

Why is mitosis carried out?

A

Mitosis may be carried out to replace damaged cells or to grow new ones. It may also occur in asexual reproduction.

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11
Q

Why is the genetic material copied in mitosis?

A

The cells always copy the genetic material so the cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes.

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12
Q

Describe the process of mitosis.

A

The DNA is spread out in long strings. Regardless, the genetic material copies itself, so each cell has a full set of chromosomes. Each new cell has the same number of chromosomes as the original. The cell will divide to produce two copies of itself.

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13
Q

Describe how sex cells carry chromosomes.

A

Sex cells only contain one set of chromosomes as the organism receives one set from the father and one set from the mother to gain a full set. This causes variation as there is a mixture of chromosomes.

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14
Q

Where are gametes made?

A

Gametes are made in the reproductive organs (ovaries and testes).

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15
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Meiosis produces cells which have half the number of chromosomes normally found in the body.

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16
Q

Describe the process of meiosis.

A

Copies of the genetic material are made. The cell divides twice so the four gametes only have a single set of chromosomes.

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17
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to turn into any type of cell - they are unspecalised.

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18
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

Stem cells are found in human embryos can be procured from left over IVF embryos.

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19
Q

How are stem cells collected in adults?

A

In adults, they may be found in places like the bone marrow, though these are not as versatile and can only turn into certain cells.

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20
Q

What can stem cells be used for?

A

Stem cells may be used to treat paralysis, Parkinson’s, spinal cord injuries, etc

21
Q

What are the advantages of using stem cells?

A

We can save lives and cure diseases.

We may save the costs for treatment.

The patient’s own cells may be used, which reduces the risk of rejection.

22
Q

What are the disadvantages of using stem cells?

A

Ethical/religious issues with tampering with God’s work.

There can be a chance of rejection.

The long-term effects are unknown.

Many adult stem cells are already pre-specalised.

23
Q

Which pair of chromosomes determines sex?

A

The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines sex - X or Y.

24
Q

Describe the chromosome pairs that make up a man/woman.

A

XY = Male XX = Female

25
Q

What are the chances of a boy or a girl child?

A

There is a 50% chance each sperm cell gets an X chromosome and a 50% chance it gets a Y chromosome.

26
Q

Who was Mendel?

A

Gregor Mendel was an Austrian Monk who trained in Mathematics and Natural History at the University of Vienna. He used pea-plants to investigate inheritance.

27
Q

Why did Mendel use pea-plants to investigate inheritance?

A

Pea plants have lots of clear inherited features.

They grow quickly and easily.

He could control pollen distribution.

28
Q

What was the blending of characteristics theory?

A

Scientists initially thought two characteristics crossing would lead to a product with a mix of characteristics.

29
Q

What did Mendel’s first cross grow?

A

He crossed one tall pea plant with a short pea plant. (TT and tt)

The first cross was all tall (T is dominant).

30
Q

What did Mendel’s second cross grow?

A

He crossed two tall pea plants together. (Tt and Tt)

He had 3 tall and one short pea plant.

31
Q

What did Mendel conclude?

A

Characteristics in plants are determined by “hereditary units” or factors. These units are passed on from both parents, one unit from each parent. They can be dominant or recessive - one dominant means the characteristic is shown.

32
Q

Why wasn’t Mendel’s work initially accepted?

A

He was not a scientist (he was a monk).

His work was not published in a scientific journal.

They did not know about chromosomes.

Many opted for the idea of blending characteristics.

He only used pea plants.

33
Q

What are alleles?

A

Alleles are different versions of the same gene.

34
Q

What represents alleles in genetic diagrams?

A

Letters represent alleles in genetic diagrams.

35
Q

What is “homozygous”?

A

Homozygous is where an organism has two of the same allele for a gene.

36
Q

What is “heterozygous”?

A

Heterozygous is where an organism has two alleles for a different gene.

37
Q

How are dominant and recessive alleles represented in genetic diagrams?

A

Dominant alleles are shown with capital letters, whereas recessive alleles are shown with lowercase letters.

38
Q

What is a genotype?

A

A genotype means what alleles you have.

39
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

The phenotype is the actual characteristic of the allele.

40
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder of the cell membranes, resulting in the production of thick, sticky mucus in the air passages and the pancreas.

41
Q

What is the allele that causes cystic fibrosis?

A

The allele that causes cystic fibrosis is recessive.

42
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

Polydactyly is a genetic disorder where a baby is born with extra fingers or toes.

43
Q

Is polydactyly dangerous?

A

Polydactyly is not life-threatening as it causes no problems.

44
Q

How is polydactyly caused?

A

Polydactyly is caused by one dominant allele - there are no carriers.

45
Q

What happens to check an embryo for “bad genes” and “good genes”?

A

A cell is removed from each embryo and its genes are analysed for defects, such as cystic fibrosis.

46
Q

What happens to embyros with bad genes?

A

“Bad alleles” would be noted and their embryos potentially destroyed.

47
Q

What are the advantages of embyro screening?

A

Treating disorders doesn’t have to happen - money is saved.

Screening eliminates mental scarring on behalf of the parents.

Sex cannot be changed - it is restricted.

Can help reduce pain.

48
Q

What are the disadvantages of embyro screening?

A

Can reduce individuality.

Rejected embryos are destroyed -potential for human life is destroyed.

Screening is expensive.

Prejudice could be aimed at undesirable individuals.

Is it worth it to fix minor issues?

Additional Biology (8 decks)

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