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Biology: B2 > B2.7 Cell division and inheritance > Flashcards

B2.7 Cell division and inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

How are chromosomes normally found in the body cells?

A

In pairs

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2
Q

How do body cells divide?

A

By mitosis

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3
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

Genetic information

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4
Q

What happens when body cells divide by mitosis?

A

Copies of the genetic material are made then the cell divides once to form two genetically identical body cells

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5
Q

When does mitosis occur?

A

In growth or to produce replacement cells

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6
Q

How many chromosomes does a sex cell contain?

A

Only one

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7
Q

What do cells in reproductive organs (testes and ovaries) divide to form?

A

Gametes

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8
Q

What is the type of cell division in which a cell divides to from gametes?

A

Meiosis

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9
Q

What happens when a cell divides to form gametes (meiosis)?

A

Copies of the genetic material are made then the cell divides twice to form four gametes, each with a single set of chromosomes

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10
Q

What happens when gametes join at fertilisation?

A

A single body cell with new pairs of chromosomes is formed. A new individual then develops by this cell repeatedly dividing my mitosis

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11
Q

When do animal cells differentiate?

A

At an early stage

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12
Q

When do plant cells differentiate?

A

Throughout their life

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13
Q

In animals what is cell division restricted to?

A

Repair and replacement

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14
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

Human embryos and adult bone marrow

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15
Q

What can stem cells do?

A

Differentiate into many different types of cells, e.g. nerve cells

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16
Q

What do human stem cells have the ability to do?

A

Develop into any kind of human cell

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17
Q

What could treatment with stem cells be used to help?

A

Conditions such as paralysis

18
Q

What are the cells produced by asexual reproduction produced by?

A

Mitosis from the parent cells

19
Q

What do cells from asexual reproduction contain?

A

The same alleles as the parents

20
Q

Why does sexual reproduction give rise to variation?

A

Because when gametes fuse, one of each pair of alleles comes from each parent

21
Q

What are the sex chromosomes for females?

A

XX

22
Q

What are the sex chromosomes for males?

A

XY

23
Q

How many of the chromosomes in the human body cells contain the genes that determines the sex?

A

One

24
Q

Some characteristics are determined by…

A

A single gene

25
Q

What are the different forms of genes called?

A

Alleles

26
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

An allele that controls the development of a characteristic when it is present on only one of the chromosomes

27
Q

What is the recessive allele?

A

An allele that controls the development of a characteristic only if the dominant allele is not present

28
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

Large molecules of DNA which has a double helix structure

29
Q

What is a gene?

A

A small piece of DNA

30
Q

What does each gene code for?

A

A particular combination of amino acids which make a specific protein

31
Q

What does each person have?

A

Unique DNA (apart from twins)

32
Q

What can individual DNA be used to do?

A

Identify individuals in the process of DNA fingerprinting

33
Q

Some disorders are…

A

Inherited

34
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

Having extra fingers or toes

35
Q

What is polydactyly caused by>

A

A dominant allele of a gene and can therefore be passed on by only one parent who has the disorder

36
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A disorder of cell membranes

37
Q

Cystic fibrosis must be inherited from…

A

Both parents

38
Q

Can parents be carriers of the disorder without actually having it themselves?

A

Yes

39
Q

What is cystic fibrosis caused by?

A

A recessive allele of a gene and can therefore be passed on by parents, neither of whom have the disorder

40
Q

What can embryos be to test for these and other genetic disorders?

A

Screened

Biology: B2 (8 decks)

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