B2.5 Proteins - their functions and uses

Question 1

What are proteins made up of?

Answer 1

Long chains of amino acids

Question 2

How are amino acids structured?

Answer 2

They are folded to produce a specific shape that enable other molecules to fit into the protein

Question 3

What do proteins act as?

Answer 3

Hormones, antibodies, catalysts and structural components of tissues such as muscles

Question 4

What do catalysts do?

Answer 4

Increase the rate of chemical reactions

Question 5

What is the name for biological catalysts?

Answer 5

Enzymes

Question 6

What are enzymes?

Answer 6

Proteins

Question 7

Why does every enzyme have a unique shape?

Answer 7

So it can fit onto the substance involved in a reaction

Question 8

What happens if the enzyme doesn’t fit the substances shape?

Answer 8

It will not catalyse the reaction

Question 9

The shape of an enzyme is…

Answer 9

Vital for the enzyme’s function

Question 10

What happens if the temperatures are too high for an enzyme?

Answer 10

It’s shape is destroyed and changed, it becomes denatured

Question 11

What also affects enzymes?

Answer 11

pH

Question 12

Different enzymes work best at…

Answer 12

Different pH values

Question 13

Do all enzymes work inside cells?

Answer 13

No, some enzymes work outside body cells, e.g. the digestive enzymes

Question 14

What do digestive enzymes catalyse?

Answer 14

The breakdown of large food molecules into smaller molecules

Question 15

What is the enzyme amylase produced by?

Answer 15

The salivary glands, pancreas and the small intestine

Question 16

What does amylase catalyse?

Answer 16

The breakdown of starch into sugars in the mouth and the small intestine

Question 17

What is the enzyme protease produced by?

Answer 17

The stomach, pancreas and the small intestine

Question 18

What does protease catalyse?

Answer 18

The breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the stomach and the small intestine

Question 19

What sis the enzyme lipase produced by?

Answer 19

The pancreas and the small intestine

Question 20

What does lipase catalyse?

Answer 20

The breakdown of lipids (fats and oils) into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine

Question 21

What does the stomach also produce?

Answer 21

Hydrochloric acid

Question 22

Why does the stomach produce hydrochloric acid?

Answer 22

Because the enzymes work best in acidic conditions

Question 23

What does the liver produce?

Answer 23

Bile

Question 24

Where is the bile stored?

Answer 24

In the gall bladder

Question 25

Where is the bile released into?

Answer 25

The small intestine

Question 26

What does the bile do?

Answer 26

It neutralises the acid from the stomach. This provide alkaline conditions in the small intestine, in which the enzymes in the small intestine work most effectively. It also emulsifies fats

Question 27

What enzymes may biological detergents contain?

Answer 27

Protease and lipase

Question 28

At what temperatures are biological detergents more effective at?

Answer 28

Lower temperatures than other types of detergents

Question 29

What enzymes are in baby food and why?

Answer 29

Protease, used to ‘pre-digest’ the protein for the baby

Question 30

What are carbohydrases used for in industry?

Answer 30

Converting starch into sugar starch

Question 31

What is isomerase used for in industry?

Answer 31

Converting glucose syrup into fructose syrup, which is much sweeter and therefore can be used in smaller quantities in slimming foods

Question 32

What are enzymes used to bring about in industry?

Answer 32

Reactions at normal temperatures and pressures which would have otherwise require expensive, energy- demanding equipment

Question 33

What is the purpose of the muscular walls in the stomach?

Answer 33

They churn up the food

Question 34

What happens at the small intestine?

Answer 34

Food is absorbed out of the digestive system and into the blood

Question 35

What happens at the large intestine?

Answer 35

Excess water is absorbed from the food

Question 36

What are digestive enzymes produced by?

Answer 36

Specialised cells in the glands and the lining of the gut

Question 37

What are some disadvantages for using enzymes in the industry?

Answer 37

They denature at high temperatures and they can be costly to produce