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a_GCSE Biology > B2.3 - Enzymes > Flashcards

B2.3 - Enzymes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a protein?

A

A long chain of amino acids.

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2
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Large protein molecules that act as a biological catalyst.

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3
Q

How do enzymes work?

A
  • The substrate fits into the active site of the enzyme.
  • The enzyme and substrate bind together.
  • The reaction takes place rapidly and the products are released from the surface of the enzyme.
  • The enzyme is then ready to use again.
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4
Q

What do enzymes do?

A
  • Building large molecules from smaller ones.
  • Changing one molecule into another.
  • Breaking down large molecules into smaller ones.

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5
Q

Why does milk go off?

A

Enzymes in bacteria break down the protein structure.

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6
Q

What are the two main factors that affect enzymes?

A
  • Temperature

- pH level

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7
Q

What is the temperature at which most enzymes denature?

A

40C

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8
Q

What is the relationship between temperature and the rate of reactions controlled by enzymes?

A

As the temperature increases, the rate of reaction increases up to a point.

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9
Q

What is denaturing?

A

When the temperature is too high, the amino acids unravel therefore changing the shape of the active site rendering the enzyme useless.

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10
Q

What is the optimum temperature for human enzymes?

A

36.5C

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11
Q

Where is pepsin found?

A

The stomach

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12
Q

Where is amylase found?

A

The pancreas

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13
Q

Why does the pH level denature enzymes?

A

Forces hold the folded chains of amino acids together and a change in pH affects the forces changing the shape of the active site.

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14
Q

Why can’t enzymes be killed?

A

They are non-living.

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15
Q

What do digestive enzymes do?

A

They break down large insoluble molecules.

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16
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

It squeezes and breaks up food into smaller pieces with a large surface area. It mixes food with the digestive juices to enable contact with enzymes.

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17
Q

Where are enzymes made?

A

Specialist glands:

  • salivary glands
  • Pancreas
  • Lining of the gut

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18
Q

Which enzymes break down carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrases

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19
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

In the salivary glands and pancreas.

20
Q

Which enzyme breaks down starch?

A

Amylase

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21
Q

Which enzymes break down proteins?

A

Proteases

22
Q

Where are proteases produced?

A

Stomach, pancreas and small intestine.

23
Q

What are proteins broken down into?

A

Amino acids

24
Q

Which enzymes break down lipids?

A

Lipases

25
Q

What are lipids broken down into?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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26
Q

Where are lipases produced?

A

Pancreas and small intestine

27
Q

Why does the stomach contain hydrochloric acid?

A

The enzymes in the stomach work best at low pH levels.

Bacteria is killed by the acid.

28
Q

What conditions do proteases need?

A

Alkaline

29
Q

What does bile do?

A

Neutralises stomach acid and emulsifiers fats.

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30
Q

What is the mucus layer in the stomach for?

A

It prevents the stomach being digested by the acid and enzymes.

31
Q

Why is bile important in digestion?

A
  • The semi-digested food is acidic and the enzymes from the pancreas and small intestine need alkaline conditions.
  • Bile breaks up large drops of fat giving a larger surface area for lipase enzymes to work.
32
Q

How are enzymes used in baby foods?

A

They predigest some protein in the food making it easier for the baby’s to get the amino acids from the food.

33
Q

How do biological detergents work?

A

They contain proteases and lipases that break down proteins and fats in stains.

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34
Q

How are enzymes used to produce food?

A

Carbohydrases convert starch into sugar syrup which makes food taste sweet.

35
Q

What is isomerase?

A

An enzyme that changes glucose syrup into fructose syrup.

36
Q

Give two advantages of using enzymes industrially.

A
  • Reactions can be run at relatively low temperatures and pressures.
  • They are cheaper to run.
37
Q

How is isomerase used in food production?

A

Converting glucose into fructose means less is needed to make food taste sweet, therefore reducing energy intake. Food tastes sweet but has fewer calories.

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38
Q

Give three disadvantages of using enzymes industrially.

A
  • Temperature has to be controlled.
  • pH level has to be controlled.
  • Enzymes are expensive to produce.
39
Q

Give a disadvantage of using biological washing powders.

A

-They aren’t as good at killing pathogens.

40
Q

Give four advantages of using biological detergents.

A
  • Clothes can be cleaned at lower temperatures.
  • They break down biological stains.
  • They are cheaper to use.
  • They are better for the environment.

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41
Q

How are enzymes used to diagnose liver damage?

A

If the liver is damaged, some enzymes may leak into the bloodstream meaning a blood test can reveal liver damage.

42
Q

Give five ways in which enzymes are used in medicine.

A
  • Detecting liver disease.
  • Diagnosing diabetes.
  • Extra enzymes to help digest food.
  • Dissolving clots.
  • Treating cancer.

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43
Q

How are enzymes used to diagnose diabetes?

A

The strip used to test urine for glucose contains enzymes. The enzymes catalyse the breakdown of glucose making the strip change colour.

44
Q

How are enzymes used after a heart attack?

A

Streptokinase dissolves clots in arteries reducing the damage done to the heart muscle.

45
Q

How are enzymes used for a damaged pancreas?

A

A damaged pancreas cannot make enzymes. Taking extra enzymes ensures food is digested.

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46
Q

What do proteins do?

A

They act as:

  • structural components of tissues
  • hormones
  • antibodies
  • catalysts
47
Q

How are enzymes used to treat cancer?

A

Blood cancer cells cannot make a particular amino acid so takes it from body fluids. Enzymes speeds up the breakdown of the amino acid, killing the cancer cell. Normal cells can make the amino acid themselves.

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a_GCSE Biology (23 decks)

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