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Biochemistry > B21 Lipids And Carbohydrates > Flashcards

B21 Lipids And Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What si the mucosa like in the small intestine

A

Folded into villi
Goblet cells
Microvilli on top of each enterocyte

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2
Q

What are enterocytes responsible for

A

Absorption and some digestion

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3
Q

What dos the mucosa lead to for absorption

A

Increased surface area for nutrient absorption

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4
Q

What does each villus contain

A

Capillary network and a central lacteal/lymphatic vessel

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5
Q

Enterocytes are short lived… What are they replaced with and by what

A

Replaced by new enterocytes

Form stem cells what migrate form the crypts

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6
Q

What are the crypts called between each villus

A

Crypts of lieberkuhn

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7
Q

What are some mechanisms of how moelcules are transported across membranes

A 
Simple diffusion 
Facilitated diffusion 
Active transport 
Receptor mediated endocytosis 
Pinocytosis 
Exocytosis
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8
Q

What moelcules undergo simple diffusion

A

Small non polar molecules and uncharged polar molecules

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9
Q

How is facilitated diffusion carried out

A

Via transmembrane PROETINS

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10
Q

What does active transport use

A

Primary - atp directly

Secondary - uses electrochemical gradient

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11
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

Cell drinking cell takes extracellular fluid and soluble molecules

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12
Q

What si symporter

A

Mem protein transports two different molecules or ions across a cell mem in same direction

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13
Q

What is anti port

A

A type of cotransport in which a mem protein trans two diff molecules in opposite direction

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14
Q

Endocytosis is receptor mediated therefore

A

Specific and saturable

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15
Q

Where do endoscopes originate

A

Form the golgi and are part of the endocytotic pathway

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16
Q

What is endocytosis fundamental to

A

Neurotrans mission
Signal transduction
Regulation of plasma mem activities

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17
Q

What si endocytosis exploited by

A

Viruses
Bacteria
Toxins
To get into the cell

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18
Q

What is a tag composed of

A

Three fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol

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19
Q

What must happen to dietary fat before digestion can occur

A

Must be emulsified

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20
Q

What is emulsion

A

A fine dispersion of minute droplets of one liquid into another in which it is not miscible

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21
Q

What are large fat globules formed with

A

Hydrophobic tags cores surrounded with polar molecules (phospholipids, cholesterol, fatty acids, ionised protien)

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22
Q

What si emulsification aided by

A

Hydrolysis of TaGs

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23
Q

Form the hydrolysed TAGs in emulsification what do the fatty acids do

A

Released as surfactants reducing the surface tension

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24
Q

What happens to the emulsion when it enters into the small intestine

A

Undergoes major Digestion using pancreatic enzymes

25
What hormone stimulates the release of the panc enzymes and release of bile
Cck
26
What are some lipases secreted by the pancreas
Pancreatic lipase Carboxyl ester lipase Phospholipase A2
27
Where is digestion completed
Intestinal lumen
28
What happens int he intestinal lumen to complete digestion
Emulsions of fat globules mixed with bile salts and pancreatic juice containing lipases to = aq suspension
29
Where is bile made and form what
Liver form cholesterol
30
Where is bile stored
Gallbladder
31
What are the major components of bile
``` Bile acids Phospholipids Cholesterol Bilirubin Electrolytes Calcium ```
32
What enzyme does bile inhibit and how is this overcome
Inhibits pancreatic lipase | Overcome by secretion of co lipase form pancreas which anchors enzyme
33
Prior to secretion what happens to bile salts
Cholic acid is conjugated to glycine or taurine | Hydrophobic ad side chain is hydrophillic
34
Above a certain concentration what do bile acids form
Micelles where hydrophillic heads point outward and hydrophobic inward
35
What forms a Micelle core
Cholesterol esters Free fatty acids Monoglycerides Fat soluble vitamins (adek)
36
What does the formation of a Micelle allow
Transport of lipids it the brush border of enterocyte where abs by diffusion
37
What are some products of dietary lipid digestion
``` Fatty acids Cholesterol Glycerol Phospholipids Monoglycerides ```
38
Inside the cells what are TAGs resynthesised by in the ER
By enzymes | Acyltransferases
39
How are cholesterol esters formed
Cholesterol actuated by acytltransferase
40
What forms chylomicrons
Tags + cholesterol esters and apolipioprotein B
41
How to chylomicrons enter the circulation
Through the lymph exit via basolateral border of enterocyte
42
What does the fate of a fatty acid depend on
The length of its chain
43
If a fatty acid chain is
Pass through. The cell directly by hepatic portal vein
44
What happens to a fatty acid with a carbon chain >12
Binds to a binding protien and then trans to RER and resyn into TAGs
45
All long chain fatty acids abs in enterocyte are reused to make
TAGs
46
Chylomicrons lipid and protien percentages
Lipid 99% | Protien 1%
47
What does starch require for its digestion
Salivary and pancreatic amylases
48
What does the salivary and pancreatic amylases do to the starch
Hydrolyses alpha 1,4- glycosidic bonds
49
What ares some of the disaccharide enzymes attached to the micorvilli of the small intestine
Sucrose Maltese Lactase
50
What si the rate limiting step of absorption of disaccharides
Transport of monomeric sugars
51
What si the disaccharide deficiency
Causes carb intolerance induced by bacterial fermentation of undigested sugars which dele viewed at colon Most common is lactose intolerance
52
How is galactose transported form the lumen of the gut to the blood
Via SGLT 2 Secondary active transport Symport
53
What is SGLT 2 driven by
Conc grad driven by Na/k ATPase at basolateral mem
54
What transports monosaccharides into the circulation
Facilitated GLUT 2 Uni porter
55
How is fructose ttansported across the brush border mem into the enterocyte
Glut 5 Sodium indept Glut 2
56
What si the glut transporter family
Facilitated sugar transport
57
What do glut transporters do
Form an aq lore across the mem for sugars to move
58
What are the parts of the small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Biochemistry (13 decks)

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