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MCM Test 2 > B2.027 Nutritional Deficiencies > Flashcards

B2.027 Nutritional Deficiencies Flashcards

1
Q

what are some major causes of malnutrition?

A 
altered taste/smell
nausea/vomiting
diarrhea/malabsorption
poor food quality/availability
self imposed restrictions
metabolic disturbances
alcoholism
cytokine effects
liver disease
unpalatable diets
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2
Q

how can alcohol intake cause malnutrition?

A 
decreasing calorie intake
interfering with nutrient digestion and absorption
reduce protein synthesis and secretion
causing breakdown of gut proteins
increasing excretion of nutrients
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3
Q

what are physical exam findings of malnutrition?

A

weight loss, low BMI, loss of subcutaneous fat, loss of muscle mass, reduced handgrip strength

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4
Q

what is another name for vitamin A?

A

retinol

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5
Q

what are dietary sources of vitamin A?

A

preformed: liver, fish, eggs, milk

carotenoid precursors: yellow and leafy green veggies

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6
Q

what are signs of vitamin A deficiency?

A

night blindness, eye dryness, corneal ulceration, , perifollicular hyperkeratosis (small bumps on skin), and immune deficiency

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7
Q

can vitamin A build up to toxic levels?

A

yes

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8
Q

what are symptoms of acute vitamin A toxicity?

A

headache, vomiting, stupor, death

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9
Q

what are symptoms of chronic vitamin A deficiency?

A

weight loss, vomiting, dry lips, bone and joint pain

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10
Q

what is carotenemia?

A

excessive vitamin A precursors

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11
Q

is carotenemia associated w toxicity?

A

no

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12
Q

what are sources of vitamin D?

A

sunlight, fortified dairy products

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13
Q

what can cause vitamin D deficiency?

A

diets lacking in Ca and vitamin D, limited exposure to sunlight

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14
Q

what are signs of vitamin D deficiency?

A

rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults, bone pain, weakness of proximal muscles, hypocalcemia

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15
Q

what are important functions of vitamin C?

A

antioxidant and important in hydroxylation of procollagen

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16
Q

which disease is associated with vitamin C deficiency?

A

scurvy

characterized by bone disease in growing children and hemorrhages and healing defects in both children and adults

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17
Q

what are sources of vitamin C?

A

fruits and veggies

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18
Q

what are signs and symptoms of vitamin C deficiency?

A 
weakness/fatigue
aching bones/joints/muscles at night
acne
hair deformities
easy bruising
loss of teeth
19
Q

what are functions of vitamin A?

A

component of visual pigment
maintenance of epithelia
maintenance of resistance to infection

20
Q

what is the primary function of vitamin D?

A

facilitates intestinal absorption of calcium/phosphorous and mineralization of bone

21
Q

what is the primary function of vitamin E?

A

major antioxidant

22
Q

what is the primary function of vitamin K?

A

cofactor in hepatic carboxylation of procoagulants

23
Q

what are the b-complex vitamins?

A 
b1 (thiamine)
b2 (riboflavin)
b3 (niacin)
b5 (pantothenic acid)
b6 (pyridoxine)
b7 (biotin)
b12
folate
24
Q

what are general properties of B vitamins?

A

water soluble, function as coenzymes (needs are tied to energy intake), present in fortified foods

25
Q

what are signs of a b1 (thiamin) deficiency?

A

dry beriberi (CNS), wet beriberi (circulation), high output heart failure w tachy, elevated peripheral venous pressure, edema, peripheral neuropathy, WK syndrome

26
Q

what are sources of b1?

A

whole grains

27
Q

what are sources of b3 (niacin)?

A

grain, legumes, seed oils, made endogenously from tryptophan

28
Q

what are signs of a b3 deficiency?

A

3 D’s dermatitis (skin affected by sun), dementia (atrophy of neurons), diarrhea (atrophy of columnar epithelium in GI)

29
Q

what are sources of b2 (riboflavin)?

A

meat, dairy, veggies

30
Q

what are signs of a b2 deficiency?

A

cheliosis/chelitis (cracks at angles of mouth)
glossitis (shiny tongue)
corneal opacities and ulcerations
dermatitis

31
Q

what is a characteristic of populations affected by b6 (pyroxidine) deficiencies?

A

rare in nonalcoholics, present in over half of alcoholics

32
Q

what is megaloblastic anemia?

A

anemia with abnormally large RBC, increased mean corpuscular volume
due to impairment of DNA synthesis which leads to ineffective hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)

33
Q

what are the 2 types of megaloblastic anemia?

A

pernicious (b12 deficiency)

folate deficiency

34
Q

what can cause b12 deficiency?

A 
vegetarianism
impaired absorption
intrinsic factor def
gastrectomy
ileal resection
competition from tapeworms
35
Q

what is a major sign of b12 def?

A

pernicious anemia
caused by autoimmune gastritis that impairs production of intrinsic factor , which is required for b12 uptake from the gut

36
Q

what secretes intrinsic factor?

A

parietal cells

37
Q

what are sources of folic acid?

A

whole wheat flour, beans, green leafy veggies

38
Q

what creates a folic acid def?

A

inadequate intake
malabsorption
increased losses

39
Q

what is the difference between folate deficiency anemia and pernicious (b12) anemia?

A

indistinguishable but develops much more rapidly

body has less folate stores than b12

40
Q

what is the relationship between folate and pregnancy?

A

requirements increase during pregnancy

deficiency can predispose to neural tube defects

41
Q

what is the most common nutritional disorder in the world?

A

iron deficiency

inadequate hemoglobin synthesis

42
Q

what are sources of iron?

A

meats (heme iron)
plants (non heme iron, require acid for absorption)
fortified flour/grains

43
Q

what are signs of iron def?

A 
pallor
increasing fatigue
exertional dyspnea, tachycardia
pale mucous membranes
spoon shaped nails
44
Q

depict iron deficiency from a histology perspective

A

small RBC containing narrow rim of peripheral hemoglobin

normal RBC should be fully red

MCM Test 2 (26 decks)

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