B2: Physiological addiction

Question 1

what can initiate someone to start smoking in terms of the biological approach?

Answer 1

Genetic Predisposition and Dopamine receptors

Question 2

biological approach on smoking: explain dopamine receptors in the initiation phase of smoking?

Answer 2

Dopamine is the brains pleasure so when the nicotine molecules attach to the dopamine receptors the feeling of pleasure the smoker feels is rewarding because of the dopamine release

Question 3

biological approach on smoking: explain the role of dopamine in the maintenance stage

Answer 3

smokers keep smoking because the nicotine molecules are attached to the ventral tegmental area and dopamine is released in the nucleus accumbens

Question 4

biological approach on smoking: explain nicotine regulation in the maintenance stage

Answer 4

the nicotine regulation model argues that people continue smoking to regulate nicotine in their bloodstream to keep activating dopamine neurons so they can avoid withdrawal symptoms

Question 5

biological approach on smoking: explain tolerance in the maintenance stage

Answer 5

overtime the smokers sensitivity to the constant stimulation of the domaine receptors are reduced so the person smokes more to re-stimulate receptors

Question 6

biological approach on smoking: why might a smoker relapse?

Answer 6

to avoid withdrawal symptoms

Question 7

Learning approach on smoking: why might someone start smoking?

Answer 7

parental and peer role models, vicarious reinforcement, positive reinforcement

Question 8

Learning approach on smoking: how can negative reinforcement be explained in the maintenance stage

Answer 8

the consequence is desirable but it involves escaping something unpleasant so the person stays dependent on nicotine

Question 9

Learning approach on smoking: explain classical conditioning in the maintenance stage

Answer 9

the smoker associates the sensations of smoking with the pleasurable effects

Question 10

Learning approach on smoking: why may someone relapse

Answer 10

conditioner cues- when they see an object that they associate with smoking it triggers cravings
self efficacy- someone with low self efficacy will make less of an effort to quit

Question 11

Cognitive approach on alcohol: what is mitigation for current issue in the initiation stage of alcohol addiction?

Answer 11

addiction to alcohol can be explained by early experiences of trauma

Question 12

what did Khantzian define specificity as?

Answer 12

a link between specific states and the drug used to relieve it

Question 13

Cognitive approach on alcohol: why do people continue to drink ?

Answer 13

people self-medicate because they can’t control their self-esteem etc so they drink to avoid problems

Question 14

Cognitive approach on alcohol: why is using alcohol to self-medicate counterproductive

Answer 14

the problem is still there it’s just masked through the alcohol

Question 15

Learning approach on alcohol: explain negative reinforcement in the initiation stage

Answer 15

some people drink to escape stress in their lives

Question 16

Learning approach on alcohol: why is drinking maintained?

Answer 16

negative reinforcement- when someone stops drinking they experience unpleasant withdrawal symptoms and these can be avoided through drinking

Question 17

Learning approach on alcohol: why may someone relapse

Answer 17

negative reinforcement- the reduction in withdrawal symptoms gained from drinking again can be strong enough to provoke a relapse