B2-Organisation Flashcards
What is the definition of a cell?
A basic building block that all living organisms have
What is the definition of a tissue?
Group of similar cells that carry out a specific function
What is an organ?
A group of different tissues that carry out a specific function
What is an organ system?
Group of organs that work together to carry out function
Give examples of organ system
Circulator Endocrine Respiratory Digestive Nervous Skeletal Muscular Reproductive
What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts that speed up a chemical reaction without being used up themselves
Why are enzymes said to be specific?
They have a specific active site shape and will bind only specific substrates that fit in these active sites
What do we call the mechanism by which a substrate binds to an enzyme?
Lock and key mechanism
What effects the shape and active site of an enzyme?
The temperature and pH
How do you call it when the active site of an enzyme has been changed in such way that it will not work anymore
Denaturation
Why do we need digestive enzymes?
It helps with breaking down bigger molecules into smaller, soluble ones
Why it is needed to break bigger molecules into smaller ones during digestion?
Big molecules are insoluble and will not be able to be absorbed into the blood
What is the function of the amylase enzyme?
Break down starch into smaller sugars (carbohydrates) such as maltose
Where is the amylase enzyme produced?
In the salivary glands, small intestines and pancreas
What is the function of the protease enzyme?
Breaks down proteins into amino acids
Where is the protease enzyme produced?
Pancreas, small intestines and stomach
What is the function of lipase
Break down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
Where is lipase made?
Small intestine and pancreas
What is the function of bile?
It makes the conditions alkaline (in the intestines) so that the enzymes can better work
It emulsifies fat so there is a larger surface area for lipase to work on
Where is the bile made?
In the liver
Where is bile stored?
Gal bladder
What are the three main components of food?
Protein
Carbohydrate
Lipids
Write down the structure of the lungs
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchiolus (bronchioli)
Alveolus (alveoli)
How is the alveoli adapted to carry out its function?
High surface area (millions of them)
There are permeable capillaries surrounding them
Alveoli have very thin permeable membranes
What is diffused into the alveoli?
Carbon dioxide
What is diffused out of the alveoli
Oxygen
Why is the circulatory system called the double circulatory system?
The blood enters the blood twice
Give the circuit of the blood around the heart
Vena cava (right atrium) - right ventricle - pulmonary artery to lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta to rest of the body
Why is the left side of the heart thicker?
It pumps blood to the rest of the body so there is more pressure
What is a natural pacemaker?
A group of cells in the right atrium that control the heart rate
What is the artificial pacemaker?
It is an electrical device put under the skin to replace the natural pacemaker
How doe the heart receive oxygen?
Through the coronary arteries
Name the three types of blood vessels
Capillaries, veins and arteries
What is the function of arteries?
Carry blood away from the heart
What is the function of veins?
Carry blood back to the heart
What is the function of capillaries?
Links veins and arteries together
Responsible for substance exchange
Give the structure of an artery
Lumen
Thick elastic layer and muscle as there is a high pressure
No valves
Give the structure of a capillary
Permeable wall
Small and thin
Can’t sustain high pressures
Give the structure of a vein
Valves
Thinner muscle walls than arteries
There is a lower pressure
Is blood a cell, tissue, organ or organ system?
Tissue
What are the components of blood?
Red blood cells
Platelets
White blood cells
Plasma
What is the function of red blood cells?
Carry oxygen around the body
How are red blood cells adapted to carry out their function
No nucleus to make room for oxygen
Biconcave shape to increase surface area
Contain haemoglobin to bind the oxygen
What is the function of white blood cells?
Defence system
How do white blood cells defend the human immune system?
Antitoxins
Phagocytosis
Antibodies
What is the function of platelets?
To clot a wound
What can you say about the structure of platelets?
They are cell fragments
What is the function of plasma?
Carry everything in the blood
Give examples of substances that are carried by plasma
red blood cells platelets white blood cells carbon dioxide hormones proteins amino acids glucose urea antibodies antitoxins
What are cardiovascular diseases?
Diseases of the heart and blood vessels
Give an example of a cardiovascular disease
Coronary heart disease
What is coronoary heart disease?
When the coronary arteries are blocked by fatty deposit
This causes the blood flow to be restricted so the heart muscle doesn’t receive enough oxygen
it can lead to a heart attack
What are the treatments for cardiovascular diseases
Stent Statin Artificial pacemaker Artificial valve Artificial heart
What are the advantages of statins?
Reduces cholesterol in the blood
What are the disadvantages of statins?
Side-effects
Take on a regular basis for a long-term
How does a stent work?
Put a balloon with a metal mesh around it and put it inside the artery
Inflate the balloon so the metal mesh expands
Remove the balloon so that the metal mesh stays and keeps the artery open
Why do we need a heart transplant?
If the heart doesn’t work anymore
When do we need an artificial heart?
When the patient is waiting for a donor
When you want to give an ill heart a bit of rest
What are the two types of valves?
Biological and mechanical
When would someone need replacement valves?
When valve is not closing properly (leaky valve)
When the valve is not open properly (stiff valve)
What are the disadvantages of surgery?
Risk of bleeding and infection
Scars
Donor hearts and valves may be rejected by the immune system
Artificial devices can lead to thrombosis
