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Working scientifically > B2-Organisation > Flashcards

B2-Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a cell?

A

A basic building block that all living organisms have

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2
Q

What is the definition of a tissue?

A

Group of similar cells that carry out a specific function

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3
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of different tissues that carry out a specific function

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4
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Group of organs that work together to carry out function

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5
Q

Give examples of organ system

A 
Circulator
Endocrine
Respiratory
Digestive
Nervous
Skeletal
Muscular
Reproductive
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6
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts that speed up a chemical reaction without being used up themselves

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7
Q

Why are enzymes said to be specific?

A

They have a specific active site shape and will bind only specific substrates that fit in these active sites

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8
Q

What do we call the mechanism by which a substrate binds to an enzyme?

A

Lock and key mechanism

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9
Q

What effects the shape and active site of an enzyme?

A

The temperature and pH

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10
Q

How do you call it when the active site of an enzyme has been changed in such way that it will not work anymore

A

Denaturation

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11
Q

Why do we need digestive enzymes?

A

It helps with breaking down bigger molecules into smaller, soluble ones

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12
Q

Why it is needed to break bigger molecules into smaller ones during digestion?

A

Big molecules are insoluble and will not be able to be absorbed into the blood

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13
Q

What is the function of the amylase enzyme?

A

Break down starch into smaller sugars (carbohydrates) such as maltose

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14
Q

Where is the amylase enzyme produced?

A

In the salivary glands, small intestines and pancreas

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15
Q

What is the function of the protease enzyme?

A

Breaks down proteins into amino acids

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16
Q

Where is the protease enzyme produced?

A

Pancreas, small intestines and stomach

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17
Q

What is the function of lipase

A

Break down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

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18
Q

Where is lipase made?

A

Small intestine and pancreas

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19
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

It makes the conditions alkaline (in the intestines) so that the enzymes can better work

It emulsifies fat so there is a larger surface area for lipase to work on

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20
Q

Where is the bile made?

A

In the liver

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21
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gal bladder

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22
Q

What are the three main components of food?

A

Protein
Carbohydrate
Lipids

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23
Q

Write down the structure of the lungs

A

Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchiolus (bronchioli)
Alveolus (alveoli)

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24
Q

How is the alveoli adapted to carry out its function?

A

High surface area (millions of them)
There are permeable capillaries surrounding them
Alveoli have very thin permeable membranes

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25
Q

What is diffused into the alveoli?

A

Carbon dioxide

26
Q

What is diffused out of the alveoli

A

Oxygen

27
Q

Why is the circulatory system called the double circulatory system?

A

The blood enters the blood twice

28
Q

Give the circuit of the blood around the heart

A

Vena cava (right atrium) - right ventricle - pulmonary artery to lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta to rest of the body

29
Q

Why is the left side of the heart thicker?

A

It pumps blood to the rest of the body so there is more pressure

30
Q

What is a natural pacemaker?

A

A group of cells in the right atrium that control the heart rate

31
Q

What is the artificial pacemaker?

A

It is an electrical device put under the skin to replace the natural pacemaker

32
Q

How doe the heart receive oxygen?

A

Through the coronary arteries

33
Q

Name the three types of blood vessels

A

Capillaries, veins and arteries

34
Q

What is the function of arteries?

A

Carry blood away from the heart

35
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Carry blood back to the heart

36
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Links veins and arteries together

Responsible for substance exchange

37
Q

Give the structure of an artery

A

Lumen
Thick elastic layer and muscle as there is a high pressure
No valves

38
Q

Give the structure of a capillary

A

Permeable wall
Small and thin
Can’t sustain high pressures

39
Q

Give the structure of a vein

A

Valves
Thinner muscle walls than arteries
There is a lower pressure

40
Q

Is blood a cell, tissue, organ or organ system?

A

Tissue

41
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Red blood cells
Platelets
White blood cells
Plasma

42
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Carry oxygen around the body

43
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to carry out their function

A

No nucleus to make room for oxygen
Biconcave shape to increase surface area
Contain haemoglobin to bind the oxygen

44
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

Defence system

45
Q

How do white blood cells defend the human immune system?

A

Antitoxins
Phagocytosis
Antibodies

46
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

To clot a wound

47
Q

What can you say about the structure of platelets?

A

They are cell fragments

48
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Carry everything in the blood

49
Q

Give examples of substances that are carried by plasma

A 
red blood cells
platelets
white blood cells
carbon dioxide
hormones
proteins
amino acids
glucose
urea
antibodies
antitoxins
50
Q

What are cardiovascular diseases?

A

Diseases of the heart and blood vessels

51
Q

Give an example of a cardiovascular disease

A

Coronary heart disease

52
Q

What is coronoary heart disease?

A

When the coronary arteries are blocked by fatty deposit
This causes the blood flow to be restricted so the heart muscle doesn’t receive enough oxygen
it can lead to a heart attack

53
Q

What are the treatments for cardiovascular diseases

A 
Stent
Statin
Artificial pacemaker
Artificial valve
Artificial heart
54
Q

What are the advantages of statins?

A

Reduces cholesterol in the blood

55
Q

What are the disadvantages of statins?

A

Side-effects

Take on a regular basis for a long-term

56
Q

How does a stent work?

A

Put a balloon with a metal mesh around it and put it inside the artery
Inflate the balloon so the metal mesh expands
Remove the balloon so that the metal mesh stays and keeps the artery open

57
Q

Why do we need a heart transplant?

A

If the heart doesn’t work anymore

58
Q

When do we need an artificial heart?

A

When the patient is waiting for a donor

When you want to give an ill heart a bit of rest

59
Q

What are the two types of valves?

A

Biological and mechanical

60
Q

When would someone need replacement valves?

A

When valve is not closing properly (leaky valve)

When the valve is not open properly (stiff valve)

61
Q

What are the disadvantages of surgery?

A

Risk of bleeding and infection
Scars
Donor hearts and valves may be rejected by the immune system
Artificial devices can lead to thrombosis

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