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Working scientifically > B1 - Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1 - Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

Cells which contain their genetic information inside a nucleus

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2
Q

Give examples of eukaryotic cells

A

Plant, animal and amoebae cell

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3
Q

What are prokaryotic cells?

A

Cells which don’t contain a nucleus and have their genetic information floating in the cytoplasm

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4
Q

Give an example of a prokaryotic cell

A

Bacterial cells

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5
Q

Is the bacteria smaller, equal in size or larger than animal and plant cells?

A

They are much smaller

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6
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Stores genetic information

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7
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

This is where the chemical reactions take place

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8
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

They release energy from glucose in aerobic respiration

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9
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

They make proteins

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10
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

To give the cell strength

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11
Q

What is the cell wall made up of?

A

Cellulose

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12
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Carry out photosynthesis

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13
Q

What do chloroplast contain?

A

The pigment chlorophyll

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14
Q

What is the function of chlorophyll?

A

Capture the sunlight energy to do photosynthesis

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15
Q

What is the function of a permanent vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap and gives the cell structure and strength

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16
Q

Which sub cellular structures are found in plant cells but not in animal cells?

A

Cell wall, permanent vacuole and chloroplasts

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17
Q

What is the cell wall in bacterial cells made up of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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18
Q

What is a plasmid in a bacterial cell?

A

A small ring of DNA found in bacterial cells

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19
Q

What is the function of the flagellum in bacterial cells?

A

To allow movement

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20
Q

What are the two types of microscopes?

A

Electron and light

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21
Q

Why is the electron microscope better than the light one?

A

It has a higher magnification and resolution

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22
Q

What does a higher magnification mean?

A

It can see smaller objects in more detail

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23
Q

What does a higher resolution mean?

A

You can see things more clearly

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24
Q

How do you calculate the magnification?

A

Image size / actual size

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25
Q

What are the units of magnification?

A

X

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26
Q

How many chromosomes are there in a normal body cell?

A

46

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27
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are there in a normal body cell?

A

23

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28
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

A few stages in which the cell cycle divides to make new cells

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29
Q

What does a cell do before it divides?

A

Grow in size
Increase the amount of sub cellular structures
Duplicate the DNA

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30
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Long coiled up DNA molecules which carry genes

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31
Q

Where are the chromosomes found?

A

In the nucleus

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32
Q

How many copies are there made in mitosis?

A

2

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33
Q

What are the two new cells made in mitosis called?

A

Daughter cell

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34
Q

What is the original cell in mitosis called?

A

Mother/parent cell

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35
Q

The new cells formed in mitosis are identical or different to the parent cell?

A

Identical

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36
Q

Describe the steps in mitosis

A 
The DNA doubles
The chromosomes line up in the middle
One set of chromosomes is then pulled to each end of the cell
The cytoplasm and cell membrane divides
Two new daughter cells are formed
37
Q

Why are cells dividing by mitosis?

A

Growth, development and repair

38
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

39
Q

When can most animal cells differentiate?

A

At an early stage

40
Q

WHen can most plant cells differentiate?

A

At any point of time

41
Q

What is the function of muscle cells?

A

Contraction

42
Q

How are muscle cells specialised to carry out their function?

A

They have a lot of mitochondria for energy for contraction

They are long so have a lot of space to contract

43
Q

Name types of specialised animal cells

A

Sperm, muscle and nerve

44
Q

Name types of specialised plant cells

A

Root hair, xylem and phloem

45
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell?

A

Send rapid signals to the brain

46
Q

How is a nerve cell adapted to carry out its function?

A

It is long so it can cover a large distance

It is branched to form a large network of connections

47
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

Reproduction

To carry the male genetic information to the female’s genetic information

48
Q

How is the sperm cell adapted to carry out its function?

A

It has a long flagellum helping it to swim
Has a lot of mitochondria for energy to swim to the egg
Acrosome in the tip of the head contains enzymes that can break down the egg cell membrane

49
Q

What is the function of the xylem?

A

Carry water from the roots to the rest of the plant

50
Q

Is the direction of movement of water in the xylem upwards, downwards or in both direction?

A

Upwards only

51
Q

What is the function of the phloem?

A

Transport glucose from the leaves to the rest of the platn

52
Q

IS the transport direction nor glucose in phloem upwards, downwards or in both directions?

A

Both directions

53
Q

How are the xylem cells adapted to carry out its function?

A

They are hollow

54
Q

How are the phloem cells adapted to carry out its function?

A

They have few sub cellular structures so that glucose can flow through it more easily

55
Q

Name two type of animal stem cells

A

In the adult bone marrow and embryonic stem cells

56
Q

Where are the stem cells found in plants?

A

In the meristem

57
Q

What can the embryonic stem cells change into?

A

Any kind of human cell

58
Q

What can the adult bone marrow stem cells change into?

A

Most human cells

59
Q

What can the plant meristem stem cells change into?

A

Any kind of plant cells

60
Q

What are the risk of growing stem cells in a lab?

A

The stem cells can get contaminated with a virus which can be passed on to the patient

61
Q

What are the uses of stem cells in medicine?

A

For Type 1 diabetes patients to form cells which can make insulin
For paralysed patients to make new nerve cells

62
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

Making an embryo that has the same genetic information as the patient and using its stem cells to treat the patient

63
Q

What are the advantage of therapeutic cloning?

A

The stem cells will not be rejected by the patient’s body

64
Q

What are the two types of passive transport?

A

Diffusion and osmosis

65
Q

What are the properties of passive transport?

A

They don’t require energy and the particles move from a high to low concentration

66
Q

Give an example of diffusion in an animal

A

CO2 and O2 in the lungs

And glucose from the blood to the organs

67
Q

Define diffusion

A

Diffusion is the movement of particles from high to low concentration

68
Q

Which type of molecules can diffuse?

A

Only small molecules such as CO2, O2 and glucose

69
Q

Define osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules from a dilute to concentrated region

70
Q

Which factors increase the rate of diffusion?

A

High surface area (+)
High temperature (+)
A high concentration gradient (+)

71
Q

Why does a larger surface area increase diffusion?

A

There is more room for particle to move

72
Q

Why does an increase in temperature increase diffusion?

A

The particles move faster (increased kinetic energy)

73
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of particles against the concentration gradient using energy

74
Q

Where does the energy needed for active transport come from?

A

From respiration

75
Q

Give an example of active transport in plants

A

Mineral ions from the soil through the root hair cells

76
Q

Give an example of active transport in animals

A

Absorbing glucose (for cell respiration) into the bloodstream from the gut

77
Q

Do single felled organisms have a large or small SA: volume ratio?

A

Large

78
Q

What do single called organisms depend on for their substance exchange?

A

Diffusion

79
Q

Is diffusion only enough for multicellular organisms to carry out substance exchange?

A

No

80
Q

Do multi cellular organism have a small or large SA:volume ratio?

A

Small

81
Q

What do multicellular organism need to transport things in and out of the cell?

A

Exchange surfaces and transport systems

82
Q

What are the four things that exchange surfaces all have in common?

A

A large surface area
A thin membrane
Good and efficient blood supply (animals)
Ventilation (in animals)

83
Q

What is the function of a large surface area in exchange surfaces?

A

So that more diffusion can take place

84
Q

What is the function of a thin membrane in exchange surfaces?

A

So that the particles can travel/diffuse over a shorter distance

85
Q

Name four organs that are adapted for exchange

A

Alveoli (in lungs)
Villi in the small intestines
Gills (in fishes)
Leaves (in plant)

86
Q

How are leaves adapted to substance exchange?

A

They have a flat shape

They are exchanging gases through the stomata Between the air and the leave

87
Q

How are gills adapted to substance exchange?

A

They have a lot of thin surface layers of cells
They a lot of capillaries
They are exchanging gases between the water and blood

88
Q

How are the alveoli adapted to substance exchange?

A

There a lot of of them (increase surface area)
They have thin membranes
They have blood capillaries around them
They are exchanging gases between the air and the blood

89
Q

How are the villi (small intestines) adapted to substance exchange?

A

They are very thin
There are a lot of them
There is a lot of blood capillaries around them
They are exchanging food molecules from the gut/intestines into the blood

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