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Biology GCSE > B2 Organisation > Flashcards

B2 Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a tissue

A

A group of similar cells that carry out a function

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2
Q

What is an organ

A

A group of different tissues that work together to perform a certain function

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3
Q

What is an organ system

A

A group of organs working together to perform a function

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4
Q

What is the digestive system

A

An organ system found in humans and other mammals

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5
Q

The liver produces

A

Bile

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6
Q

The stomach

A

Digests food

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7
Q

The pancreas produces

A

Digestive juices

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8
Q

Salivary glands produce

A

Digestive juices

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9
Q

Large intestine

A

Absorbs water from undigested food, leaving faeces ( poo)

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10
Q

Small intestine

A

Digests food and absorbs soluble food molecules

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11
Q

Enzymes are

A

Large proteins

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12
Q

Every enzyme has an

A

Active site with a unique shape

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13
Q

If the temperature is too hot what will happen to the enzyme

A

Some of the bonds holding the enzyme together break

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14
Q

All enzymes have an optimum

A

Temperature that they work best at

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15
Q

Ph can affect the

A

Rate of reaction involving an enzyme

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16
Q

I the ph is too low or too high it affects

A

The bonds holding the enzyme together

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17
Q

If the ph is too low or too high it can also change

A

The shape of the active site and denature the enzyme

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18
Q

Digestive enzymes break down

A

Molecules

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19
Q

Arteries carry

A

Blood away from the heart

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20
Q

The heart pumps blood at high pressure so

A

Artery walls are strong and elastic

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21
Q

Artery walls have

A

Thick layers of muscle to make them strong

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22
Q

Capillaries

A

Carry blood really close to every cell in the body to exchange substances with them

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23
Q

Capillaries have

A

Gaps in their walls, so substances can diffuse in and out

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24
Q

Veins also have valves these help

A

Keep the blood flowing in the right direction

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25
Q

Job of red blood cells

A

To carry oxygen from the heart to the rest of the body.

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26
Q

Red blood cells shape gives them a

A

Largs surface area for absorbing oxygen

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27
Q

Red blood cells do not have a

A

Nucleus

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28
Q

White blood cells are

A

Part of your immune system

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29
Q

Some white blood cells

A

Gobble up unwelcome microorganisms while others produce antibodies to defend against microorganisms

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30
Q

White blood cells have a

A

Nucleus

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31
Q

Why don’t red blood cells have a nucleus

A

To leave more space for carrying oxygen

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32
Q

What are platelets

A

Small fragments of cell.

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33
Q

Job of platelets

A

Help blood to clot ( clump together) at a wound

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34
Q

What is plasma

A

The liquid that carries everything in the blood such as white and red blood cells, food molecules ,proteins and hormones

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35
Q

What do the coronary arteries do

A

Supply the heart muscles with blood

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36
Q

What is coronary heart disease

A

When layers of fatty material build up in the coronary arteries.This causes the arteries to become narrow

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37
Q

Why is coronary heart disease bad ?

A

Because the arteries become narrow.This reduces blood flow to the heat muscle.This means less oxygen can get to the heart muscle which can lead to a heart attack

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38
Q

What are stents

A

Stents are tubes that are put inside coronary arteries by surgery

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39
Q

What do stents do ?

A

They keep the arteries open which allows blood to reach the heart muscles and reduces the risk of heart attack

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40
Q

Risks of having stents

A

Could have a heart attack during the operation.
Might get an infection after surgery

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41
Q

Too much cholesterol can cause

A

Fatty deposits to form inside arteries

42
Q

What are statins

A

Statins are drugs that can reduce the amount of cholesterol in the blood

43
Q

Advantages of statins

A

Statins reduce the risk of hert attacks,strokes and coronary heart diseases.

44
Q

Disadvantages of statins

A

Statins must be taken regularly over a long period of time.
Statins can cause unwanted side affects.
The effect of statins is not instant.

45
Q

What is heart failure

A

When the heart can’t pump enough blood

46
Q

What is an artifical heart

A

A machine that pumps blood around the body

47
Q

Why might someone use an artifical heart

A

Can be used to keep a person alive or to help them recover by allowing the heart to heal / rest

48
Q

Advantages of artificial hearts

A

Artifical hearts are made from plastics.Less likely to be attacked by the body’s immune system

49
Q

Disadvantages of artificial heart

A

Surgery can lead to bleeding and infection.
Artifical hearts don’t work as well as normal ones.
Blood doesn’t flow as smoothly as through a normal heart.

50
Q

What do valves do

A

They help keep blood flowing in the right direction

51
Q

Valves can be damaged by

A

Heart attacks, infections or old age

52
Q

When a valve becomes damaged

A

The blood flows in both directions instead of just forward

53
Q

Communicable diseases

A

Diseases that can spread from one person to another or between animals and people

54
Q

Communicable diseases can be caused by

A

Bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi

55
Q

Non communicable diseases

A

Cannot spread between people or between or between animals and people

56
Q

Example of non communicable disease

A

Coronary heart disease

57
Q

What is an immune system reaction

A

An allergic reaction caused by a pathogen such as a skin rash.Or may worsen the symptoms of asthma.

58
Q

Other factors that can affect your health

A

Poor diet
Lots of stress
Life situation

59
Q

What is a tumour

A

Changes in cells can lead to uncontrolled growth and division.This results in a tumour.

60
Q

Benign tumours

A

Are masses of abnormal cells.They stay in one place

61
Q

Benign tumours are usually not

A

Dangerous and don’t cause cancer

62
Q

A malignant tumour can

A

Spread to different parts of the body

63
Q

Malignant tumours the cells can

A

Get into healthy tissues and form secondary tumours

64
Q

Malignant tumours are very dangerous they can be

A

Fatal - they are cancers

65
Q

Lifestyle factors that increase the chance of some cancers

A

Smoking
Obesity
Viral infection
UV exposure

66
Q

Genetic factors that increase chances of getting some cancers

A

Genes are inherited from parents
Sometimes genes you have inherited can be faulty genes that make you more likely to get cancer

67
Q

Why are people more likely to survive cancer now ?

A

Treatment have improved.
Doctors can diagnose cancer earlier.
More people are being screened ( checked for cancer )
People know more about the risk fftors of cancers

68
Q

Plants are made of

A

Organs

69
Q

Epidermal tissue

A

Covers whole plant

70
Q

Palisade mesophyll tissue

A

Part of the leaf where photosynthesis happens

71
Q

Spongy mesophyll tissue -

A

Part of the tissue that has big air soaces.Allows gas to diffuse in and out of cells

72
Q

Xylem and phloem -

A

These transport things like water, mineral ions and food around the roots , stems and leaves.

73
Q

Phloem tubes are made up of

A

Elongated living cells

74
Q

What do plants make in their leaves

A

Food substances

75
Q

Phloem tubes have pores ( small holes) to allow

A

Cell sap to flow through

76
Q

Xylem tubes are made up of

A

Dead cells

77
Q

Phloem tubes tranport food substances around the plant for immediate use or storage.What is this process called.

A

Translocation

78
Q

Xylem tube carry

A

Water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and leaves

79
Q

Transpiration system

A

Movement of water from the roots, through the xylem and out of the leaves

80
Q

Transpiration rate can be affected by 4 things

A

Air flow
Temperature
Humidity
Light intenisty

81
Q

How does air flow affect transpiration rate ?

A

Faster moving air means water vapour around the leaf is swept away.Higher concentration of water inside the leaf then out .

82
Q

How will the temperature affect transpiration

A

The warmer the temperature the faster transpiration happens.This is because the particles have more energy

83
Q

How does light intensity affect transpiration

A

The brighter the light the greater the transpiration rate .Photosynthesis can’t happen in the dark so the stomata begins to close as it gets dark.When the stomate closes very little water can escape

84
Q

A double circulatory system is two

A

Circuits joined together

85
Q

In the first circuit of a double circulatory system , thr heart

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.This blood picks up oxgen in the lungs.
The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart

86
Q

In the sexond corcuit of a double ciculatory system,

A

The heart pumps oxygenated blood around all the other organs of the body.This delivers oxygen to body cells

87
Q

Blood flows into the two atria from the

A

Vena cava and the pulmonary vein

88
Q

The atria pump the blood into the ventricles.The ventricles pump

A

The blood out of thr heart

89
Q

Blood from the right ventricle goes through the

A

Pulmonary artery to the lungs

90
Q

Blood from the left ventricle goes theough the

A

Aorta to the rest of the body

91
Q

When testing for proteins what solution should you use

A

Biuret solution

92
Q

When testing for starch you should use

A

Iodine

93
Q

When testing for sugars yiu should use

A

Benedict solution

94
Q

When testing for fats you should use

A

Ethanol

95
Q

Iodine

A

From orange to blue / black

96
Q

Benedicts solution

A

From blue to red

97
Q

Biuret solution

A

From blue to purple

98
Q

Transpiration is the loss

A

Of water from the plant

99
Q

How is transpiration rate affected by air flow

A

The more windy it is the faster transpiration happens

100
Q

How does temperature affect the transpiration rate

A

The warmer it is the faster transpiration happens.Because the water particles have more energy.They evaporate and diffuse fasterout of the stomata faster

101
Q

How does humidity affect transpiration rate

A

If the air is humid there’s a lot of water in it already.This means there isn’t much of a difference between the inside and the outisde of the leaf.This means diffusion will not happen very fast

102
Q

How does light intensity affect transpiration rate

A

The brighter the light the faster transpiration happens.Photosynthesis can’t happen in the dark so the stomata closes.When the stomata closes very little water can escape

Biology GCSE (7 decks)

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