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Biology GCSE > B1 Cell Biology > Flashcards

B1 Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

All living things are made of

A

Cells

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2
Q

Eukaryotic cells are

A

Complex

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3
Q

Prokaryotic cells are

A

Smaller and simpler

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4
Q

Example of prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria

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5
Q

Example of eukaryotic cells

A

Animal and plant cells

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6
Q

The different parts of a cells are called

A

Subcellular structure

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7
Q

What is the nucleus

A

Contains genetic material .Genetic material controls what the cell does

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8
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

Where most of the chemical reactions take place

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9
Q

What is the cell membrane

A

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

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10
Q

What ia mitochondria

A

Where most aerobi respiration happens.Respiration transfers energy that the cell needs to work

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11
Q

What are ribosomes

A

Ribosomes are where proteins are made

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12
Q

Plant cells have all the bits that an animal cells has but also have

A

A cell wall
A permanent vacuole
Chloroplast

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13
Q

What is the cell wall

A

Made of cellulose.It supports the cell and strengthens it

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14
Q

What is the permamnent vacuole

A

Contains cell sap

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15
Q

What is chloroplasts

A

Where photosynthesis happens.Photosynthesis makes food for plants

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16
Q

Light microscopes can be used to look at cells.They let us see

A

Large subcellular structures such as the nucleus

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17
Q

Electron microscopes have a higher resolution than

A

Light microscopes

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18
Q

Electron microscopes have a higher magnification than light miscroscopss.They can let us see

A

Very small things such as ribosomes and plasmids

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19
Q

What is the formula for working out the magnification of an image

A

Magnification = image size over real size

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20
Q

What ia differentiation

A

The process by which cells change to become specialised

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21
Q

As cells change they develop different

A

Subcellular structures

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22
Q

Most differentiation occurs as an organism

A

Develops

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23
Q

What are stem cells

A

Cells that are undifferentiated

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24
Q

Most animal cells can only differentitate at an

A

Early stagebof an animal’s life

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25
Q

But lots of plants can differentiate

A

For the whole of the plant’s life

26
Q

Cells that differentiate in adult animals are mainly used for

A

Repairing and replacing cells

27
Q

Two examples of specialised cells

A

Sperm cells
Nerve cells

28
Q

How are sperm cells specialised

A

A sperm cell has a tail to help it swim to the egg .
Has loads of mitochondria.These provide energy to swim

29
Q

How are nerve cells specialised

A

Nerve cells are long to cover more distances in the body.
They have branches at the end to connect with other nerve cells

30
Q

The nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes.What are chromosomes

A

Chromosomes are colied up lengths of DNA molecules

31
Q

Each chromosome carries a large number of

A

Genes

32
Q

Different genes control the development of

A

Different characteristics e.g hair colour

33
Q

The cell cycle has two stages what are they

A

Growth and DNA replication
Mitosis

34
Q

What is mitosis

A

The stage of the cell cycle when the cell divides is called mitosis

35
Q

Cell cycle - growth and DNA replication

A

The cell grows and increases the number of subcellular structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria.
The DNA is replicated ( copied ) so there’s one copy for each new cell

36
Q

Cell cycle - Mitosis

A

Cell is now ready for dividing.The chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell.The two arms of each chromosome are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell.This divides the nucleus.Each set of chromosomes become the nucleus of a new cell.Cytoplasm and cell membrane divide too .The cell has nowmproduced two new cells.They both contain the same DNA x they’ re identical

37
Q

What is diffusion

A

Diffision is the spreading out of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

38
Q

Where does difusion happen

A

Diffusion happens in solutions or gases

39
Q

Difference in concentration is called the

A

Concentration gradient

40
Q

The bigger the concentration gradient the faster the

A

Diffusion rate

41
Q

What thing affects the diffusion rate

A

Temperature

42
Q

Cell membranes let stuff diffuse in and out of the cell.Only very small molecules can fot through

A

Cell membranes such as oxygen, amino acids and water

43
Q

Big molecules such as starch and proteins can’t fit through

A

Cell membrane

44
Q

What is osmosis

A

Osmosis is the movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrsne from a less concentrate solution to a more concentrated solution

45
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane

A

Just one with very small holes in it

46
Q

What is active transport

A

The movement of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration , against the concentration gradient

47
Q

Sometimes there is a lower concentration of nutrients in the gut than there is blood.When this happens body

A

Uses active transport to move the nutrients from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

48
Q

For active transport to work it needs

A

Energy from repiration

49
Q

Multicellular organisms like animals have a small surface area compared to

A

Volume

50
Q

Multicellular organisms can’t normally exchange enough substances across their

A

Outside surface area

51
Q

How are the exchange surfaces adapted to allow enough of different substances to pass through

A

They have a thin membrane ( so substances only have a short distance to diffuses )
They have a large surface area ( somlots of substances can diffuse at once )
Exchange surfaces in aniamls have lots of blood vessels ( stuff can get in and out of the blood quixkly )
Gas exchange surfaces in animals are ventilated too

52
Q

Where are oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged

A

In the lungs

53
Q

The lungs contain what which is where gas exchange happens

A

Contain millions of little air sacs callsed alveoli

54
Q

Alveoli are specialised for the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide

A

A large surface area
Very thin walls ( so gases don’t have far to difuse )
A good blood supply

55
Q

Inside the small intestine isncovered in villi.Villi increase the surface area so that digested food is absorbed more quickly in the blood

A

Single layer of surface cells
A very good blood supply

56
Q

Plants need to take in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and get rid of

A

Oxygen and water vapour

57
Q

The underneath of the leaf is an exchange surface .It is covered in small holes called stomata.Carbon dioxide diffuses

A

Through the stomata into the leaf

58
Q

The size of the stomata are controlled by

A

Guard cells

59
Q

The flattened shape of the leaf increases the

A

Area of its exchange surface

60
Q

What is the gas exchange surface for fish

A

Gills

Biology GCSE (7 decks)

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